ව ද ය ත ප රත ර ධකත ව ඉ ග ර ස electrical resistivity specific electrical resistance හ volume resistivity යන ගල ය මට යම ද

විද්‍යුත් ප්‍රතිරෝධකතාව (ඉංග්‍රීසි: electrical resistivity, specific electrical resistance හෝ volume resistivity) යනු ගලා යෑමට යම් ද්‍රව්‍යයක් කෙතරම් තදින් ප්‍රතිරෝධී වන්නේ ද යන්න මනිනු ලබන මූලික ගුණාංගයකි වේ. අඩු ප්‍රතිරෝධීතාවයක් ඇති ද්‍රව්‍යය හරහා පහසුවෙන් විදුලිය ගලා යයි. ප්‍රතිරෝධීතාවය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් $ρ$ () දක්වයි. විද්‍යුත් ප්‍රතිරෝධීතාවය සඳහා වන ඒකකය වන්නේ ඕම්- (Ω⋅m) වේ.

Resistivity
Common symbols	$ρ$
	ohm meter (Ω⋅m)
In	kg⋅m³⋅s⁻³⋅A⁻²
Derivations from other quantities	$\rho =R{\frac {A}{\ell }}$
	${\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {L}}^{3}{\mathsf {T}}^{-3}{\mathsf {I}}^{-2}$

Conductivity
Common symbols	$σ, κ, γ$
	siemens per metre (S/m)
In	kg⁻¹⋅m⁻³⋅s³⋅A²
Derivations from other quantities	$\sigma ={\frac {1}{\rho }}$
	${\mathsf {M}}^{-1}{\mathsf {L}}^{-3}{\mathsf {T}}^{3}{\mathsf {I}}^{2}$

විද්‍යුත් සන්නායකතාව (ඉංග්‍රීසි: electrical conductivity හෝ specific conductance) යනු විද්‍යුත් ප්‍රතිරෝධකතාවයෙහි අනෙක් පසය. එනම් එය යම් ද්‍රව්‍යයක විද්‍යුත් ධාරාවක් ගෙන යාමට ඇති හැකියාව වේ. එය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් $σ$ () ග්‍රීක අක්ෂරයෙන් දැක්වේ, නමුත් සමහර විට $κ$ () (විශේෂයෙන්ම electrical engineering) සහ $γ$ () භාවිතා වේ. විද්‍යුත් සන්නායකතාවය සඳහා වන SI ඒකකය වන්නේ per (S/m) වේ.

විවිධ ද්‍රව්‍යයන්ගේ ප්‍රතිරෝධීතා සහ සන්නායකතා

මෙම වගුව විවිධ ද්‍රව්‍යයන්ගේ 20 °C (68 °F; 293 K) දි ප්‍රතිරෝධීතා ( $ρ$ ), සන්නායකතා සහ දක්වයි.

Resistivity, conductivity, and temperature coefficient for several materials
Material	Resistivity, $ρ$ , at 20 °C (Ω·m)	Conductivity, $σ$ , at 20 °C (S/m)	Temperature coefficient (K⁻¹)	Reference
	1.59×10⁻⁸	6.30×10⁷	3.80×10⁻³
තඹ	1.68×10⁻⁸	5.96×10⁷	4.04×10⁻³
copper	1.72×10⁻⁸	5.80×10⁷	3.93×10⁻³
රන්	2.44×10⁻⁸	4.11×10⁷	3.40×10⁻³
ඇලුමිනියම්	2.65×10⁻⁸	3.77×10⁷	3.90×10⁻³
	3.36×10⁻⁸	2.98×10⁷	4.10×10⁻³
	5.60×10⁻⁸	1.79×10⁷	4.50×10⁻³
	5.90×10⁻⁸	1.69×10⁷	3.70×10⁻³
	6.24×10⁻⁸	1.60×10⁷	7.00×10⁻³ ^[]
	6.99×10⁻⁸	1.43×10⁷	6.00×10⁻³
	7.10×10⁻⁸	1.41×10⁷
Lithium	9.28×10⁻⁸	1.08×10⁷	6.00×10⁻³
යකඩ	9.70×10⁻⁸	1.03×10⁷	5.00×10⁻³
	10.6×10⁻⁸	9.43×10⁶	3.92×10⁻³
	10.9×10⁻⁸	9.17×10⁶	4.50×10⁻³
Gallium	14.0×10⁻⁸	7.10×10⁶	4.00×10⁻³
	14.0×10⁻⁸	7.00×10⁶
(1010)	14.3×10⁻⁸	6.99×10⁶
	22.0×10⁻⁸	4.55×10⁶	3.90×10⁻³
	28.9×10⁻⁸	3.46×10⁶
	42.0×10⁻⁸	2.38×10⁶	3.80×10⁻³
Grain oriented	46.0×10⁻⁸	2.17×10⁶
	48.2×10⁻⁸	2.07×10⁶	0.002×10⁻³
	49.0×10⁻⁸	2.04×10⁶	0.008×10⁻³
	69.0×10⁻⁸	1.45×10⁶	0.94×10⁻³
	98.0×10⁻⁸	1.02×10⁶	0.90×10⁻³
Manganese	144×10⁻⁸	6.94×10⁵
	110×10⁻⁸	6.70×10⁵ ^[]	0.40×10⁻³
Carbon (graphite) parallel to	250×10⁻⁸ to 500×10⁻⁸	2×10⁵ to 3×10⁵ ^[]
	0.5×10⁻³ to 0.8×10⁻³	1.25×10³ to 2.00×10³	−0.50×10⁻³
Carbon (graphite) perpendicular to basal plane	3.0×10⁻³	3.3×10²
	10⁻³ to 10⁸ ^[]	10⁻⁸ to 10³ ^{[ – ]}
	4.6×10⁻¹	2.17	−48.0×10⁻³
	2.1×10⁻¹	4.8
Swimming pool water	3.3×10⁻¹ to 4.0×10⁻¹	0.25 to 0.30
	2×10¹ to 2×10³	5×10⁻⁴ to 5×10⁻²		^[]
	2.3×10³	4.35×10⁻⁴	−75.0×10⁻³
	10³ to 10⁴	10⁻⁴ to 10⁻³
	1.8×10⁵	4.2×10⁻⁵
	1.82×10⁹	5.49×10⁻¹⁰
	10¹¹ to 10¹⁵	10⁻¹⁵ to 10⁻¹¹
Carbon (diamond)	10¹²	~10⁻¹³
	10¹³	10⁻¹⁴
	10⁹ to 10¹⁵	~10⁻¹⁵ to 10⁻⁹
	10¹⁴ to 10¹⁶	10⁻¹⁶ to 10⁻¹⁴
	10¹⁵	10⁻¹⁶
	7.5×10¹⁷	1.3×10⁻¹⁸
	10²¹	10⁻²¹
(teflon)	10²³ to 10²⁵	10⁻²⁵ to 10⁻²³

ආශ්‍රිත

සටහන්

The numbers in this column increase or decrease the portion of the resistivity. For example, at 30 °C (303 K), the resistivity of silver is 1.65×10⁻⁸. This is calculated as $Δ ρ = α Δ T ρ 0$ where $ρ 0$ is the resistivity at 20 °C (in this case) and $α$ is the temperature coefficient.
The conductivity of metallic silver is not significantly better than metallic copper for most practical purposes – the difference between the two can be easily compensated for by thickening the copper wire by only 3%. However silver is preferred for exposed electrical contact points because corroded silver is a tolerable conductor, but corroded copper is a fairly good insulator, like most corroded metals.
Copper is widely used in electrical equipment, building wiring, and telecommunication cables.
Referred to as 100% IACS or International Annealed Copper Standard. The unit for expressing the conductivity of nonmagnetic materials by testing using the method. Generally used for temper and alloy verification of aluminium.
Despite being less conductive than copper, gold is commonly used in because it does not easily corrode.
Commonly used for with steel reinforced
and are considered to replace copper in fabricated in advanced nodes
18% chromium and 8% nickel austenitic stainless steel
Nickel-iron-chromium alloy commonly used in heating elements.
Graphite is strongly anisotropic.
The resistivity of depends strongly on the presence of in the material.
Corresponds to an average salinity of 35 g/kg at 20 °C.
The pH should be around 8.4 and the conductivity in the range of 2.5–3 mS/cm. The lower value is appropriate for freshly prepared water. The conductivity is used for the determination of TDS (total dissolved particles).
This value range is typical of high quality drinking water and not an indicator of water quality
Conductivity is lowest with monatomic gases present; changes to 12×10⁻⁵ upon complete de-gassing, or to 7.5×10⁻⁵ upon equilibration to the atmosphere due to dissolved CO₂

මූලාශ්‍ර

Lowrie, William (2007). Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–55. ISBN . සම්ප්‍රවේශය March 24, 2019.
Kumar, Narinder (2003). Comprehensive Physics for Class XII. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. pp. 280–84. ISBN . සම්ප්‍රවේශය March 24, 2019.
Bogatin, Eric (2004). Signal Integrity: Simplified. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 114. ISBN . සම්ප්‍රවේශය March 24, 2019.
Raymond A. Serway (1998). Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, Texas; London: Saunders College Pub. p. 602. ISBN .
(1999) [1981]. "7 Electrodynamics". In Alison Reeves (ed.). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: . p. 286. ISBN . 40251748.
Matula, R.A. (1979). "Electrical resistivity of copper, gold, palladium, and silver". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 8 (4): 1147. :1979JPCRD...8.1147M. doi:10.1063/1.555614. 95005999.
Douglas Giancoli (2009) [1984]. "25 Electric Currents and Resistance". In Jocelyn Phillips (ed.). Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: . p. 658. ISBN .
"Copper wire tables". United States National Bureau of Standards. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 පෙබරවාරි 2014 – via Internet Archive - archive.org (archived 2001-03-10).
Physical constants 2011-11-23 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF format; see page 2, table in the right lower corner). Retrieved on 2011-12-17.
IITC – Imec Presents Copper, Cobalt and Ruthenium Interconnect Results
"Temperature Coefficient of Resistance | Electronics Notes".
Material properties of niobium.
AISI 1010 Steel, cold drawn. Matweb
Karcher, Ch.; Kocourek, V. (December 2007). "Free-surface instabilities during electromagnetic shaping of liquid metals". Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. 7 (1): 4140009–4140010. doi:10.1002/pamm.200700645. 1617-7061.
"JFE steel" (PDF). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2012-10-20.
Douglas C. Giancoli (1995). Physics: Principles with Applications (4th ed.). London: Prentice Hall. ISBN .
(see also Table of Resistivity. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
John O'Malley (1992) Schaum's outline of theory and problems of basic circuit analysis, p. 19, McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN
Glenn Elert (ed.), "Resistivity of steel", The Physics Factbook, retrieved and 16 June 2011.
Hugh O. Pierson, Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications, p. 61, William Andrew, 1993 ISBN .
Y. Pauleau, Péter B. Barna, P. B. Barna (1997) Protective coatings and thin films: synthesis, characterization, and applications, p. 215, Springer, ISBN .
Milton Ohring (1995). Engineering materials science, Volume 1 (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 561. ISBN .
Physical properties of sea water 2018-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Kayelaby.npl.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-12-17.
[1]. chemistry.stackexchange.com
Eranna, Golla (2014). Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN .
Transmission Lines data. Transmission-line.net. Retrieved on 2014-02-03.
R. M. Pashley; M. Rzechowicz; L. R. Pashley; M. J. Francis (2005). "De-Gassed Water is a Better Cleaning Agent". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 109 (3): 1231–8. doi:10.1021/jp045975a. PMID 16851085.
ASTM D1125 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water
ASTM D5391 Standard Test Method for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample
Lawrence S. Pan, Don R. Kania, Diamond: electronic properties and applications, p. 140, Springer, 1994 ISBN .
S. D. Pawar; P. Murugavel; D. M. Lal (2009). "Effect of relative humidity and sea level pressure on electrical conductivity of air over Indian Ocean". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D2): D02205. :2009JGRD..114.2205P. doi:10.1029/2007JD009716.
E. Seran; M. Godefroy; E. Pili (2016). "What we can learn from measurements of air electric conductivity in 222Rn ‐ rich atmosphere". Earth and Space Science. 4 (2): 91–106. :2017E&SS....4...91S. doi:10.1002/2016EA000241.

භාහිර සබැඳි

"Electrical Conductivity". Sixty Symbols. for the . 2010.
Comparison of the electrical conductivity of various elements in WolframAlpha
Partial and total conductivity. "Electrical conductivity" (PDF).

[4] The numbers in this column increase or decrease the portion of the resistivity. For example, at 30 °C (303 K), the resistivity of silver is 1.65×10⁻⁸. This is calculated as $Δ ρ = α Δ T ρ 0$ where $ρ 0$ is the resistivity at 20 °C (in this case) and $α$ is the temperature coefficient.

[5] The conductivity of metallic silver is not significantly better than metallic copper for most practical purposes – the difference between the two can be easily compensated for by thickening the copper wire by only 3%. However silver is preferred for exposed electrical contact points because corroded silver is a tolerable conductor, but corroded copper is a fairly good insulator, like most corroded metals.

[8] Copper is widely used in electrical equipment, building wiring, and telecommunication cables.

[11] Referred to as 100% IACS or International Annealed Copper Standard. The unit for expressing the conductivity of nonmagnetic materials by testing using the method. Generally used for temper and alloy verification of aluminium.

[13] Despite being less conductive than copper, gold is commonly used in because it does not easily corrode.

[14] Commonly used for with steel reinforced

[ic-17] re considered to replace copper in fabricated in advanced nodes

[25] 18% chromium and 8% nickel austenitic stainless steel

[27] Nickel-iron-chromium alloy commonly used in heating elements.

[28] Graphite is strongly anisotropic.

[semi-32] The resistivity of depends strongly on the presence of in the material.

[33] Corresponds to an average salinity of 35 g/kg at 20 °C.

[35] The pH should be around 8.4 and the conductivity in the range of 2.5–3 mS/cm. The lower value is appropriate for freshly prepared water. The conductivity is used for the determination of TDS (total dissolved particles).

[37] This value range is typical of high quality drinking water and not an indicator of water quality

[40] Conductivity is lowest with monatomic gases present; changes to 12×10⁻⁵ upon complete de-gassing, or to 7.5×10⁻⁵ upon equilibration to the atmosphere due to dissolved CO₂

[1] Lowrie, William (2007). Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–55. ISBN . සම්ප්‍රවේශය March 24, 2019.

[:0-2] Kumar, Narinder (2003). Comprehensive Physics for Class XII. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. pp. 280–84. ISBN . සම්ප්‍රවේශය March 24, 2019.

[3] Bogatin, Eric (2004). Signal Integrity: Simplified. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 114. ISBN . සම්ප්‍රවේශය March 24, 2019.

[serway-6] Raymond A. Serway (1998). Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, Texas; London: Saunders College Pub. p. 602. ISBN .

[Griffiths-7] (1999) [1981]. "7 Electrodynamics". In Alison Reeves (ed.). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: . p. 286. ISBN . 40251748.

[9] Matula, R.A. (1979). "Electrical resistivity of copper, gold, palladium, and silver". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 8 (4): 1147. :1979JPCRD...8.1147M. doi:10.1063/1.555614. 95005999.

[Giancoli-10] Douglas Giancoli (2009) [1984]. "25 Electric Currents and Resistance". In Jocelyn Phillips (ed.). Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: . p. 658. ISBN .

[12] "Copper wire tables". United States National Bureau of Standards. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 3 පෙබරවාරි 2014 – via Internet Archive - archive.org (archived 2001-03-10).

[15] Physical constants 2011-11-23 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF format; see page 2, table in the right lower corner). Retrieved on 2011-12-17.

[16] IITC – Imec Presents Copper, Cobalt and Ruthenium Interconnect Results

[18] "Temperature Coefficient of Resistance | Electronics Notes".

[19] Material properties of niobium.

[20] AISI 1010 Steel, cold drawn. Matweb

[21] Karcher, Ch.; Kocourek, V. (December 2007). "Free-surface instabilities during electromagnetic shaping of liquid metals". Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. 7 (1): 4140009–4140010. doi:10.1002/pamm.200700645. 1617-7061.

[22] "JFE steel" (PDF). සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2012-10-20.

[giancoli-23] Douglas C. Giancoli (1995). Physics: Principles with Applications (4th ed.). London: Prentice Hall. ISBN .
(see also Table of Resistivity. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)

[24] John O'Malley (1992) Schaum's outline of theory and problems of basic circuit analysis, p. 19, McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN

[26] Glenn Elert (ed.), "Resistivity of steel", The Physics Factbook, retrieved and 16 June 2011.

[Pierson-29] Hugh O. Pierson, Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications, p. 61, William Andrew, 1993 ISBN .

[30] Y. Pauleau, Péter B. Barna, P. B. Barna (1997) Protective coatings and thin films: synthesis, characterization, and applications, p. 215, Springer, ISBN .

[Ohring-31] Milton Ohring (1995). Engineering materials science, Volume 1 (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 561. ISBN .

[34] Physical properties of sea water 2018-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Kayelaby.npl.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-12-17.

[36] [1]. chemistry.stackexchange.com

[Eranna2014-38] Eranna, Golla (2014). Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN .

[Transmission_Lines_data-39] Transmission Lines data. Transmission-line.net. Retrieved on 2014-02-03.

[41] R. M. Pashley; M. Rzechowicz; L. R. Pashley; M. J. Francis (2005). "De-Gassed Water is a Better Cleaning Agent". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 109 (3): 1231–8. doi:10.1021/jp045975a. PMID 16851085.

[42] ASTM D1125 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water

[43] ASTM D5391 Standard Test Method for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample

[44] Lawrence S. Pan, Don R. Kania, Diamond: electronic properties and applications, p. 140, Springer, 1994 ISBN .

[45] S. D. Pawar; P. Murugavel; D. M. Lal (2009). "Effect of relative humidity and sea level pressure on electrical conductivity of air over Indian Ocean". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D2): D02205. :2009JGRD..114.2205P. doi:10.1029/2007JD009716.

[46] E. Seran; M. Godefroy; E. Pili (2016). "What we can learn from measurements of air electric conductivity in 222Rn ‐ rich atmosphere". Earth and Space Science. 4 (2): 91–106. :2017E&SS....4...91S. doi:10.1002/2016EA000241.