Calcium carbide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of Ca. The pure material is colorless, but most samples have a color ranging from black to grayish-white, depending on the grade. Its main use industrially is in the production of acetylene and .
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Names | |
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කැල්සියම් කාබයිඩ් | |
Identifiers | |
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CHEBI:{{{value}}} | |
100.000.772 | |
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(EPA) |
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Properties | |
Molecular formula | CaC2 |
64.099 g/mol | |
Appearance | White powder to grey/black crystals |
2.22 g/cm3 | |
2160 °C, 2433 K, 3920 °F | |
2300 °C, 2573 K, 4172 °F | |
in water | decomposes |
Structure | |
Tetragonal | |
D174h, I4/mmm, | |
6 | |
Hazards | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). |
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Production
Calcium carbide is produced industrially in an from a mixture of and at approximately 2000 °C. This method has not changed since its invention in 1888:
- CaO + 3 C → CaC2 + CO
The high temperature required for this reaction is not practically achievable by traditional combustion, so the reaction is performed in an electric arc furnace with graphite electrodes. The carbide product produced generally contains around 80% calcium carbide by weight. The carbide is crushed to produce small lumps that can range a few mm up to 50 mm. The impurities are concentrated in the finer fractions. The CaC2 content of the product is assayed by measuring the amount of acetylene produced on hydrolysis. As an example, the British and German standards for the content of the coarser fractions are 295 L/kg and 300 L/kg respectively. Impurities present in the carbide include phosphide, which produces when hydrolysed.
This reaction was an important part of the in chemistry, and was made possible in the USA as a product of massive amounts of cheap liberated from before the turn of the 20th century.
The method for the production in an was discovered independently by and in 1888 and 1892.
Crystal structure
Pure calcium carbide is a colourless solid. The common crystalline form at room temperature is a distorted rock salt structure with the C22− units lying parallel.
යෙදවුම්
ඇසිටිලින් නිපැයුම
The reaction of calcium carbide with water was discovered by in 1862.
- CaC2 + 2 H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
This reaction is the basis of the industrial manufacture of acetylene, and is the major industrial use of calcium carbide. In China, acetylene derived from calcium carbide remains a raw material for the chemical industry, in particular for the production of . Locally produced acetylene is more economical than using imported oil. Production of calcium carbide in China has been increasing. In 2005 output was 8.94 million tons, with the capacity to produce 17 million tons. In the USA, Europe and Japan consumption is generally declining. Production levels in the USA in 1990s were 236,000 tons per year.
කැල්සියම් cyanamide නිපැයුම
කැල්සියම් කාබයිඩ් reacts with nitrogen at high temperature to form කැල්සියම් cyanamide:
- CaC2 + N2 → CaCN2 + C
Calcium cyanamide is used as fertilizer. It is hydrolysed to , H2NCN.
Steel නිපැයුම
කැල්සියම් කාබයිඩ් is used:
- in the of iron (pig iron, cast iron and steel)
- as a fuel in steelmaking to extend the scrap ratio to liquid iron, depending on economics.
- as a powerful at treatment facilities.
කාබයිඩ් ලාම්පු
![image](https://www.wiki-data.si-lk.nina.az/image/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2lraS1kYXRhLnNpLWxrLm5pbmEuYXovaW1hZ2UvYUhSMGNITTZMeTkxY0d4dllXUXVkMmxyYVcxbFpHbGhMbTl5Wnk5M2FXdHBjR1ZrYVdFdlkyOXRiVzl1Y3k5MGFIVnRZaTloTDJFMUwwTmhjbUpwWkdWZmJHRnRjRjlzYVhRdWFuQm5Mekl5TUhCNExVTmhjbUpwWkdWZmJHRnRjRjlzYVhRdWFuQm4uanBn.jpg)
Calcium carbide is used in , in which water drips on the carbide and the acetylene formed is ignited. These lamps were usable but dangerous in coal mines, where the presence of the flammable gas methane made them a serious hazard. The presence of flammable gases in coal mines led to the miner . However, carbide lamps were used extensively in slate, copper and tin mines, but most have now been replaced by electric lamps. Carbide lamps are still used for mining in some less wealthy countries, such as in the silver mines near Potosi, Bolivia. Carbide lamps are also still used by some and other underground areas, though they are increasingly being replaced in this use by lights. They were also used extensively as headlights in early automobiles, motorcycles and bicycles, although in this application they are also obsolete, having been replaced entirely by electric lamps.
Other uses
In the ripening of fruit, calcium carbide is used as source of acetylene gas, which is a ripening agent (similar to ).
It is still used in the for a traditional custom called Carbidschieten (Shooting Carbide). To create an explosion, carbide and water are put in a milk churn with a lid. Ignition is usually done with a torch. Some villages in the Netherlands fire multiple milk churns in a row as a New Year's Eve tradition. The tradition comes from an old religious practice intended to chase off spirits.
It is used in toy cannons (see ), as well as in .
Together with , calcium carbide is used in floating, self-igniting naval (see ).
Calcium carbide is also used in small carbide lamps called carbide candles, which are used for blackening rifle sights to reduce glare. These "candles" are used due to the sooty flame produced by acetylene.
බාහිර සබැඳුම්
- Calcium Carbide Manufacturing
- 2008 Material Safety Data Sheet 2012-11-19 at the Wayback Machine
References
- Massalimov, I. A.; Kireeva, M. S.; Sangalov, Yu. A. (2002). Inorganic Materials. 38: 363. doi:10.1023/A:1015105922260.
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() - Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds. McGraw-Hill. ISBN . සම්ප්රවේශය 2009-06-06.
- Calcium Carbide, Bernhard Langhammer, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley Interscience. (Subscription required)
- J. T. Morehead, G. de Chalmot (1896). "The Manufacture of Calcium Carbide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 18 (4): 311–331. doi:10.1021/ja02090a001.
- H. Moissan (1892). "Chimie Minérale.- Description d'un nouveau four électrique". Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. 115: 1031.
- Ya Dun (2006-01-23). "Troubles in the PVC industry". Hong Kong Trade Development Council.
- . BusyTrade.com. 2007-05-16. 2007-02-11 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්රවේශය 2010-08-28.
- Jamie Lacson, Stefan Schlag and Goro Toki (2004). "Calcium Carbide". SRI Consulting.
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ignored () - "Caving equipment and culture (from [[Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand]])".
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: URL–wikilink conflict () - Clemmer, Gregg (1987). American Miners' Carbide Lamps: A Collectors Guide to American Carbide Mine Lighting. Westernlore Publications.
- F. B. Abeles and H. E. Gahagan, III (1968). "Abscission: The Role of Ethylene, Ethylene Analogues, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen". 43 (8): 1255–1258. doi:10.1104/pp.43.8.1255. PMC 1087003. PMID 16656908.
- "an explanation of Carbid Schieten". සම්ප්රවේශය 2009-06-06.
විකිපීඩියාව, විකි, සිංහල, පොත, පොත්, පුස්තකාලය, ලිපිය, කියවන්න, බාගන්න, නොමිලේ, නොමිලේ බාගන්න, mp3, වීඩියෝ, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, පින්තූරය, සංගීතය, ගීතය, චිත්රපටය, පොත, ක්රීඩාව, ක්රීඩා., ජංගම දුරකථන, android, ios, apple, ජංගම දුරකථන, samsung, iphone, xiomi, xiaomi, redmi, honor, oppo, nokia, sonya, mi, පීසී, වෙබ්, පරිගණකය
ම ම article අන ථ ල ප යක වන න ව නත ක ස ම ල ප යක ම ය ව ත න බ ඳ න බ ව න කර ණ කර ම ම ල ප යට ආශ ර ත ල ප වල න සබ ඳ එක කරන න ය ජන සඳහ සබ ඳ ස ව ම ම වලම භ ව ත කරන න 2013 ජ න Calcium carbide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of Ca The pure material is colorless but most samples have a color ranging from black to grayish white depending on the grade Its main use industrially is in the production of acetylene and ම ම ල ප ය පර වර තනය කළ ය ත ය කර ණ කර ම ම ල ප ය ස හල භ ෂ වට පර වර තනය ක ර ම න ද යකවන න ක ල ස යම ක බය ඩ Namesක ල ස යම ක බය ඩ Identifiers value CHEBI value 100 000 772 value value value EPA DTXSID4026399PropertiesMolecular formula CaC264 099 g molAppearance White powder to grey black crystals2 22 g cm32160 C 2433 K 3920 F2300 C 2573 K 4172 Fin water decomposesStructureTetragonalD174h I4 mmm 6HazardsExcept where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify Infobox referencesCalcium carbide ProductionCalcium carbide is produced industrially in an from a mixture of and at approximately 2000 C This method has not changed since its invention in 1888 CaO 3 C CaC2 CO The high temperature required for this reaction is not practically achievable by traditional combustion so the reaction is performed in an electric arc furnace with graphite electrodes The carbide product produced generally contains around 80 calcium carbide by weight The carbide is crushed to produce small lumps that can range a few mm up to 50 mm The impurities are concentrated in the finer fractions The CaC2 content of the product is assayed by measuring the amount of acetylene produced on hydrolysis As an example the British and German standards for the content of the coarser fractions are 295 L kg and 300 L kg respectively Impurities present in the carbide include phosphide which produces when hydrolysed This reaction was an important part of the in chemistry and was made possible in the USA as a product of massive amounts of cheap liberated from before the turn of the 20th century The method for the production in an was discovered independently by and in 1888 and 1892 Crystal structurePure calcium carbide is a colourless solid The common crystalline form at room temperature is a distorted rock salt structure with the C22 units lying parallel ය දව ම ඇස ට ල න න ප ය ම The reaction of calcium carbide with water was discovered by in 1862 CaC2 2 H2O C2H2 Ca OH 2 This reaction is the basis of the industrial manufacture of acetylene and is the major industrial use of calcium carbide In China acetylene derived from calcium carbide remains a raw material for the chemical industry in particular for the production of Locally produced acetylene is more economical than using imported oil Production of calcium carbide in China has been increasing In 2005 output was 8 94 million tons with the capacity to produce 17 million tons In the USA Europe and Japan consumption is generally declining Production levels in the USA in 1990s were 236 000 tons per year ක ල ස යම cyanamide න ප ය ම ක ල ස යම ක බය ඩ reacts with nitrogen at high temperature to form ක ල ස යම cyanamide CaC2 N2 CaCN2 C Calcium cyanamide is used as fertilizer It is hydrolysed to H2NCN Steel න ප ය ම ක ල ස යම ක බය ඩ is used in the of iron pig iron cast iron and steel as a fuel in steelmaking to extend the scrap ratio to liquid iron depending on economics as a powerful at treatment facilities ක බය ඩ ල ම ප ම ල ක ල ප ය Lit carbide lamp Calcium carbide is used in in which water drips on the carbide and the acetylene formed is ignited These lamps were usable but dangerous in coal mines where the presence of the flammable gas methane made them a serious hazard The presence of flammable gases in coal mines led to the miner However carbide lamps were used extensively in slate copper and tin mines but most have now been replaced by electric lamps Carbide lamps are still used for mining in some less wealthy countries such as in the silver mines near Potosi Bolivia Carbide lamps are also still used by some and other underground areas though they are increasingly being replaced in this use by lights They were also used extensively as headlights in early automobiles motorcycles and bicycles although in this application they are also obsolete having been replaced entirely by electric lamps Other uses In the ripening of fruit calcium carbide is used as source of acetylene gas which is a ripening agent similar to It is still used in the for a traditional custom called Carbidschieten Shooting Carbide To create an explosion carbide and water are put in a milk churn with a lid Ignition is usually done with a torch Some villages in the Netherlands fire multiple milk churns in a row as a New Year s Eve tradition The tradition comes from an old religious practice intended to chase off spirits It is used in toy cannons see as well as in Together with calcium carbide is used in floating self igniting naval see Calcium carbide is also used in small carbide lamps called carbide candles which are used for blackening rifle sights to reduce glare These candles are used due to the sooty flame produced by acetylene බ හ ර සබ ඳ ම Calcium Carbide Manufacturing 2008 Material Safety Data Sheet 2012 11 19 at the Wayback MachineReferencesMassalimov I A Kireeva M S Sangalov Yu A 2002 Inorganic Materials 38 363 doi 10 1023 A 1015105922260 a href wiki E0 B7 83 E0 B7 90 E0 B6 9A E0 B7 92 E0 B6 BD E0 B7 8A E0 B6 BD Cite journal title ස ක ල ල Cite journal cite journal a Missing or empty title help Patnaik Pradyot 2003 Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds McGraw Hill ISBN 0070494398 සම ප රව ශය 2009 06 06 Calcium Carbide Bernhard Langhammer Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley Interscience Subscription required J T Morehead G de Chalmot 1896 The Manufacture of Calcium Carbide Journal of the American Chemical Society 18 4 311 331 doi 10 1021 ja02090a001 H Moissan 1892 Chimie Minerale Description d un nouveau four electrique Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l Academie des sciences 115 1031 Ya Dun 2006 01 23 Troubles in the PVC industry Hong Kong Trade Development Council BusyTrade com 2007 05 16 2007 02 11 ද න ම ල ප ටපත ව ත න ස රක ෂණය කරන ලද සම ප රව ශය 2010 08 28 Jamie Lacson Stefan Schlag and Goro Toki 2004 Calcium Carbide SRI Consulting a href wiki E0 B7 83 E0 B7 90 E0 B6 9A E0 B7 92 E0 B6 BD E0 B7 8A E0 B6 BD Cite web class mw redirect title ස ක ල ල Cite web cite web a Unknown parameter month ignored help Caving equipment and culture from Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand a href wiki E0 B7 83 E0 B7 90 E0 B6 9A E0 B7 92 E0 B6 BD E0 B7 8A E0 B6 BD Cite web class mw redirect title ස ක ල ල Cite web cite web a URL wikilink conflict help Clemmer Gregg 1987 American Miners Carbide Lamps A Collectors Guide to American Carbide Mine Lighting Westernlore Publications F B Abeles and H E Gahagan III 1968 Abscission The Role of Ethylene Ethylene Analogues Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen 43 8 1255 1258 doi 10 1104 pp 43 8 1255 PMC 1087003 PMID 16656908 an explanation of Carbid Schieten සම ප රව ශය 2009 06 06