Pathogenic bacteria

රෝගකාරක බැක්ටීරියා එසේත් නැත්නම් ව්‍යාධිජනක බැක්ටීරියා (ඉංග්‍රීසි:  Pathogenic bacteria) යනු රෝග ඇති කළ හැකි බැක්ටීරියා වෙයි. මෙම ලිපිය මිනිසුන් හට බැක්ටීරියා පිළිබඳව ය. බොහෝ බැක්ටීරියා , හානිකර නොවන අතර බොහෝ විට වන නමුත් අනෙක් ඒවා බෝවන රෝග ඇති කළ හැක. මිනිසාට හානිදායක බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ ගණන සියයකට වඩා අඩු යැයි ඇස්තමේන්තුකර ඇත. එසේ වන්නේ, තුළ පමණක් බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ දහස් ගණන් වාසය කරන්නේ යැයි සැළකෙන අතර ය.^[]

Pathogenic bacteria
(small red dots) in from a man with a ()

List of genera and microscopy features

Many contain pathogenic bacterial . They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a partial listing.

Genus	Species		Shape	Oxygen requirement	Intra/Extracellular
		Positive	Rods		Extracellular
		Negative	Rods	Aerobic	Facultative intracellular
		Negative	Small	Aerobic	Extracellular
		Negative, stains poorly		Anaerobic	Extracellular
		Negative		Aerobic	Intracellular
		Negative	Spiral rods coccoid in older cultures		Extracellular
and		(not Gram-stained)	Small, round, ovoid	Facultative or strictly aerobic	Obligate intracellular
		Positive	Large, blunt-ended rods	Obligate anaerobic	Extracellular
		Positive (unevenly)	Rods	Mostly facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
		Positive		Facultative Anaerobic	Extracellular
		Negative	Rods	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular or Intracellular
		Negative		Strictly aerobic	Facultative intracellular
		Negative	Coccobacilli to long and slender filaments	Facultative anaerobic 5 - 10% CO2	Extracellular
		Negative	Spiral rod	Microaerophile	Extracellular
		Negative, stains poorly	Cocobacilli	Aerobic	Facultative intracellular
		Negative, stains poorly		Strictly aerobic	Extracellular
		Positive, darkly	Slender, short rods	Facultative Anaerobic	Facultative intracellular
		(none)	Long, slender rods	Aerobic	Intracellular
		(none)	Indistinct 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall	Mostly facultative anaerobic; M. pneumoniae strictly aerobic	Extracellular
		Negative	Kidney bean-shaped	Aerobic	Gonococcus: facultative intracellular N. meningitidis: extracellular
		Negative	Rods	Obligate aerobic	Extracellular
		Negative, stains poorly	Small, rod-like coccobacillary	Aerobic	Obligate intracellular
		Negative		Facultative anaerobica	Facultative intracellular
		Negative	Rods	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
	Staphylococcus aureus	Positive, darkly	Round	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular, facultative intracellular
		Positive	Ovoid to spherical	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
		Negative, stains poorly		Aerobic	Extracellular
		Stains poorly	Indistinct, 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall	Anaerobic	Extracellular
		Negative	with single polar	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
		Negative, bipolarly	Small rods	Facultative anaerobe	Intracellular

List of species and clinical characteristics

• Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019
• Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and infectious syndrome, 2019
• Global number of deaths, by pathogen, age, and sex groups, 2019

This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.

Species of human pathogenic bacteria

		Transmission	Diseases	Treatment	Prevention
			: painful and in the , , or .	Prolonged and
		Contact with cattle, sheep, goats and horses Spores enter through inhalation or through abrasions	: , and/or symptoms.	In early infection:	of equipment
			in , and
		Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.	Secondary	such as , before paroxysmal stage	, such as in DPT vaccine
		hard ticks Reservoir in mice, other small mammals, and birds	Early localized: Early disseminated: , Lyme carditis Late: Lyme arthritis, (B. afzelii only)	for adults, for children, for neurological involvement	Wearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks. . Avoid areas where ticks are found.
	and others	body louse (B. recurrentis only) and soft ticks		Penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline	Avoid areas where ticks are found Better access to washing facilities Reduce crowding Pesticides
		Direct contact with infected animal Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products	: mainly fever, and	or
		Fecal–oral from animals (mammals and fowl) Uncooked meat (especially poultry) Contaminated water	, (muscle weakness)	Treat symptoms such as in severe cases	Good hygiene Avoiding contaminated water milk and milk products Cooking meat (especially poultry)
		Respiratory droplets			None
		Vertical from mother to newborn() Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)	(NGU) (LGV)	(adults) (infants and pregnant women)	Erythromycin or in 's eyes
		Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots)	, mainly		-
		Spores from soil, persevere in food, and	: Mainly and		Proper food preservation techniques
		, overgrowing when other flora is depleted		Discontinuing responsible antibiotic or if severe
		Spores in soil and	Acute	Gas gangrene: or High doses of or and clindamycin Food poisoning: Supportive care is sufficient	Appropriate food handling
		Spores in soil, skin penetration through wounds	:	Sedatives Muscle relaxants or	(such as in the DPT vaccine)
		respiratory droplets part of human flora	: Fever, sore throat and neck swelling, potentially narrowing airways.	Horse serum antitoxin	DPT vaccine
			:headache, muscle aches, and
		Part of , or entering through GI tract or urinary system wounds	Bacterial , infections,	(combined with in endocarditis)	No vaccine Hand washing and other
	(generally)	, and in urinary tract Spreading extraintestinally or proliferating in the GI tract	Diarrhea (UTI) Meningitis in infants sepsis	UTI: (resistance-tests are required first) , e.g. Meningitis: (e.g. ) and combination Diarrhea: Antibiotics above shorten duration Electrolyte and fluid replacement	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Cooking ground beef and milk against O157:H7 Hand washing and disinfection
	(ETEC)	through food and water Direct physical contact
		, in utero or at birth	Diarrhea in infants
			and fever
	, including	Reservoir in cattle
		-borne by arthropods Infected wild or domestic animals, birds or house pets	: Fever, ulceration at entry site and/or . Can cause severe pneumonia.		Avoiding insect vectors Precautions when handling wild animals or animal products
		Droplet contact Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract	Pneumonia, in infants	Meningitis: (resistance-tests are required first) , e.g. or and combination	to infants prophylactically
		Colonizing stomach Unclear person-to-person transmission	Risk factor for and gastric	, and combination	(No vaccine or preventive drug)
		Mouth, , and .	pneumonia, with significant lung necrosis and and		.
		Droplet contact, from e.g. ,, air conditioners and water distribution systems		, such as	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Heating water
species		Food and water contaminated by urine from infected wild or domestic animals. Leptospira survives for weeks in fresh water and moist soil.	: Headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; possible , , , and .	for mild cases Intravenous for severe cases	Vaccine not widely used Prevention of exposure
		Raw milk or cheese, ground meats, poultry to newborn or fetus	:		(no vaccine) Proper food preparation and handling
		Prolonged human-human contact, e.g. through exudates from skin lesions to abrasion of other person	Leprosy (Hansen's disease): of the , , skin, and eyes.	Tuberculoid form: and Lepromatous form:	shows some effects
		Droplet contact	Tuberculosis: chronic cough with sputum, fever, , and	(difficult, see for more details) Standard "short" course: First 2 months, combination: Further 4 months, combination:
		Human flora		and
		Sexually transmitted in birth	(men) (women)	Uncomplicated gonorrhea: , e.g. if also chlamydia is suspected for resistance or patient allergy to cephalosporin Ophthalmia neonatorum: +	(No vaccine) into eyes of newborn at risk
		(Droplet transmission)	including meningitis , including		vaccine
		; Infects damaged tissues or people with .	: Pneumonia Osteomyelitis infection	such as	(no vaccine) Topical for burn wounds
		In soil	: Pneumonia, , , neurological or lymphocutaneous infection
		or			(no preventive drug or approved vaccine) , such as clothing Prompt removal of attached ticks
		, through food or water	Typhoid fever type (fever, abdominal pain, , ) Chronic carrier state	, e.g.	and vaccines Hygiene and food preparation
	Other species e.g.	Fecal–oral Food contaminated by fowl (e.g. uncooked eggs) or turtles	with in people with	Fluid and electrolyte replacement for diarrhea Antibiotics (in and ):	(No vaccine or preventive drug) Proper sewage disposal Food preparation Good personal hygiene
			(bacillary dysentery)	Fluid and electrolyte replacement such as if severe	Protection of water and food supplies Vaccines are in trial stage
	aureus	Human flora on in e.g. anterior , skin and vagina, entering through wound	Coagulase-positive : Skin infections, including	Incision and drainage of localized lesions ,, for	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Barrier precautions, washing hands and disinfection in hospitals
		Human flora in skin, anterior nares and	Infections of implanted (e.g. heart valves and joints) and catheters		None
		Part of normal vaginal flora	in women	or	None
		Human flora in vagina,urethral mucous membranes, during Sexually	Neonatal meningitis Neonatal pneumonia in women with and pneumonia	in case of lethal infection	None
		Respiratory droplets in nasopharynx (spreading in immunocompromised)	Acute & in adults and in children		23-serotype vaccine for adults () Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children ()
		Respiratory droplets Direct physical contact with lesions	and	or , e.g. or in penicillin allergy Drainage and for necrotizing fasciitis	No vaccine Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever
		, penetration through abrasions	Subacute bacterial of brain and liver
subspecies pallidum		Vertical (from mother to fetus)	Syphilis: First a , (a painless ), then diffuse rash. Later: (soft growths), neurological, or heart symptoms.	if penicillin allergy	Penicillin offered to recent sexual partners Antibiotics to pregnant women if risk of transmitting to child No vaccine available
		Contaminated water and raw seafood	Cholera: Severe "rice water" diarrhea	Fluid and electrolyte replacement	Proper Adequate food preparation
		from animals Ingestion of animal tissues Respiratory droplets	:	primarily Supportive therapy for	Minimize exposure to rodents and fleas

අමතර අවධානයට

සටහන්

1. Relapsing fever can also be caused by the following species: , , , , , , and .
   - Barbour, Alan G. (2017). "Relapsing Fever". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 678–687. ISBN .

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භාහිර සබැඳි

වර්ගීකරණය	D : D001424

• Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D. at A.T. Still University
• Pathogenic bacteria genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID