Azərbaycanca
Беларускі
Dansk
Deutsch
Española
Français
Indonesia
Italiana
日本語
Қазақ
Lietuvos
Nederlands
Português
Русский
සිංහල
แบบไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中國人
United State
Afrikaans
වෛද්‍යවේදී සහ ශල්‍යවේදී උපාධිය ( ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින් Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery හෙවත් MBBS හා BMBS ලෙසද , ලතින් බසින් Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (abbreviated in various ways, viz. MB BChir, BM BCh, MB BCh, MB ChB, BM BS, MB BS, etc.), are the two degrees awarded upon graduation from in වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the එක්සත් රාජධානිය. The naming suggests that they are two separate degrees; however, in practice, they are usually treated as one and awarded together.
ඉතිහාසය හා උපත
The degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are currently awarded in various forms in institutions in ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, බංග්ලාදේශය, , චීනය, , ෆීජි, , ගයනා, [[]], ඉන්දියාව, ඉරාකය, අයර්ලන්තය, ජැමෙයිකාව, ජෝර්දානය, Kenya, Kuwait, Libya, , Malaysia, , Mexico, , Nepal, නවසීලන්තය, , Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, , Saudi Arabia, , , South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, , , the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe.
Historically, Bachelor of Medicine was also the primary medical degree conferred by institutions in the United States and Canada, such as the , Harvard, , , and . Several early North American medical schools were (for the most part) founded by physicians and surgeons who had trained in England and ස්කොට්ලන්තය. University medical education in England culminated with the Bachelor of Medicine qualification, and in ස්කොට්ලන්තය the Doctor of Medicine, until from the mid-19th century when the public bodies that regulated medical practice at the time required practitioners in Scotland as well as England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees. Throughout the 1800s, North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the and began conferring Doctor of Medicine rather than Bachelor of Medicine, the first institution to make such a switch being King's College (now Columbia University) in .
In the countries that award bachelors' degrees in medicine, however, Doctor of Medicine denotes a holder of a (higher doctorate) and is reserved for medical practitioners who undertake research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine. Nevertheless, those holding Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually referred to by the courtesy title of "" and use the prefix "Dr".
Despite their styling as two degrees, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are usually conferred together. At some institutions, such as Oxford and Cambridge, it was possible in the past to be awarded the two degrees in different years.[]
In many countries, the degrees are awarded after an undergraduate course lasting five or six years. In some cases, a graduate in another discipline may subsequently enter a special graduate-entry medical course, reduced in duration to account for relevant material covered or learning skills acquired during the first degree. In some cases the old first year courses (for six year degrees) in the basic sciences of physics, chemistry and biology have been abolished, and that standard has to be reached by means of school examinations before entry. However, in most countries a newly-graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery must spend a specified period in before they can obtain full qualification as a medical practitioner.
නම්කිරීම
The specific names and abbreviations given to these degrees depend on the particular institution, awarding body or country, and vary widely; this is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any particular difference between the relative levels of the degrees, and they are considered equivalent.
If the awarding body titles the degrees in , the degrees are commonly named Medicinae Baccalaureus, Chirugiae Baccalaureus, Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus, or Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia, abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise. If titled in English, they are named Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, usually abbreviated as MB BS, and rarely as BM BS, even though most MB BS-awarding institutions do not use Latin to name their degrees.
Below are described the specific names used, arranged by country.
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව
MB BS are conferred by most ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු medical schools. The Flinders medical school confers BM BS. The confers BMed; although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Newcastle, this degree is equivalent to the MB BS, and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.
ඊජිප්තුව
All medical schools in Egypt award MB BCh.
එංගලන්තය
Various abbreviations are used for these degrees in England:
- MB ChB are used at the universities of Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Keele, Manchester, Sheffield, and Warwick.
- MB BS are used at the University of East Anglia, Hull York Medical School, Imperial College London, the University of London (comprising of the , St. George's Hospital Medical School, King's College London Medical School, and St. Bartholomew's and the London Medical School), and .
- BM BCh are used at the University of Oxford.
- BM BS are used at the University of Nottingham, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, and Brighton Sussex Medical School
- BM is awarded at the University of Southampton. Although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Southampton, this degree is equivalent to the MB ChB, and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.
- MB BChir are awarded by the University of Cambridge.
At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the preclinical course leads to an additional degree (upgradable after three or four years to ), after which most students used to go elsewhere (but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals) to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university: they used to have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations, or taking one of the old non-university qualifying examinations.
The diplomas: LRCP, LRCS, LMSSA were non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the , and through the from 1994 until 1999, when the withdrew permission. Prior to 1994, the English diploma of LRCP, MRCS was awarded for 110 years, and the LMSSA was a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification. These diplomas slowly became less popular among British medical students, but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with university degrees.The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in medicine overseas.
ගුයානා
The awards MB BS. Other "offshore" United-States-linked schools in the country award the North American MD, but these are not recognized in Guyana itself.
හොං කොං
The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong has continued to follow the British tradition despite the from the hands of the United Kingdom to the on 30 June 1997. The dual degree is awarded as:
- MB BS at ; and
- MB ChB at .
ඉන්දියාව
Medical colleges in India award MB BS. qualifications in medicine and surgery, LMS or LMP, were also formerly awarded after a shorter course, originally at a "medical school" rather than a "medical college".
In addition, the formerly awarded a licentiate at LMS level, a membership (MCPS) at MB BS level and a fellowship (FCPS) at MD level and the (previously of Bengal) similarly gave licentiates and memberships on an external basis.
ඉරාකය
All award MB ChB.
අයර්ලන්තය
The awards BM BS. The other medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland—namely , (), some constituent institutions of the (, and ), and the —award the degrees of MB BCh BAO. The letters BAO stand for Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia (Bachelor of Obstetrics), a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities began to award in the 19th century after legislation insisted on a final examination in obstetrics. This third degree, however, is not registerable with the Irish nor the British (GMC).
LRCPI LRCSI, or simply LRCP&SI, denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying awarded jointly by the and the to students of the RCSI's medical school under the Irish Conjoint Scheme. Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical Council, but not with the British GMC. Students at RCSI still receive these licenciates but now also receive the degrees MB BCh BAO, due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of the . The RCSI students also received a (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI or more misleadingly as LLM, RCP&SI.
LAH formerly denoted a licentiate of the now-defunct , and is no longer awarded.
කෙන්‍යාව
The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely the , and , award MB ChB.
මලයාසියාව
The and both award MB BS. Other public universities such as , Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, however, follow the North American model and style their degrees as Doctor of Medicine. However, it is questionable whether such degrees are academically equivalent to the US award, since the latter universities usually require entrants to have a four year bachelor degree before entry into a professional medical degree.
මෙක්සිකෝව
Most medical schools last for 5 or 6 years, which include 1 or 2 years of in public and/or private . After those years of school, every medical student is required to complete one year working in rural places. This year is refered to as "social service." During this year the student may practice වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව although the title can not be awarded until this year has been completed. After the social service year the student recieves the title of "Physician and " (or ).
මියන්මාරය
All four medical schools in Myanmar award MB BS.
නේපාලය
All 12 medical schools in Nepal award MB BS.
නවසීලන්තය
The two New Zealand medical schools, and , style their degrees as MB ChB.
පාකිස්තානය
All medical schools in Pakistan award the MB BS degree after completion of an undergraduate medical education.
ස්කොට්ලන්තය
All medical schools in Scotland (, , and ) award MB ChB.
The 's awarded MB ChB until the early 1970s, but since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into the , St Andrews now only awards a pre-clinical BSc or BSc (Hons), and students go elsewhere to finish their clinical training, usually to the University of Manchester where they are awarded an MB ChB after a further three years' study.
The Scottish Triple Conjoint Diploma of LRCPE, LRCSE, LRCPSG (earlier LRCPE, LRCSE, LRFPSG) is an old non-university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the , and , previously through a Board and from 1994 through the . These qualifications are still registrable with the GMC[], but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the UK in 1999.
දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව
The , , , , and all award MB ChB, whereas the styles its degree as MB BCh.
සිංගප්පූරුව
The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore confers MB BS. The American also has a medical programme based in Singapore, but it follows the North-American model of styling its degree Doctor of Medicine.
ශ්‍රී ලංකා
The University of Colombo, ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, කැලණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, රුහුණ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, යාපනය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජරට විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, සහ යන විශ්වවිද්‍යාල මගින් MBBS උපාධිය පිරිනමයි.
වේල්සය
All medical schools in Wales award MB BCh.
බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙවූ දූපත්
All constituent countries of the (UWI) confer MB BS, due to the historical affiliation of UWI to the .
වර්ගීකරණය
Medical degrees differ from other undergraduate degrees in that they are qualifications which lead holders to enter a particular career upon receipt. This is not the case with most other undergraduate degrees, with the exception of qualifications in pharmacy, dentistry, and , so whilst the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are or (depending on the institution), they are perhaps more accurately conceptualised as a so-called .
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are usually awarded as general/ordinary degrees, not as , and as such the graduate is not as for honours degrees in other subjects. However, at many institutions (for example the in England and the in Scotland) it is possible for the degrees to be awarded with Honours (i.e. MB ChB (Hons)) or with Commendation, if the board of examiners recognises exceptional performance throughout the degree course. Very few of these are awarded.
More often, it is possible to study one subject for an extra year for an . This is usually a (BSc), (BMedSci), (BMedBiol) or similar: at Oxford and Cambridge in England and Dublin in Ireland degrees are awarded. At a few universities most medical students obtain an ordinary degree in science as well: when the University of Edinburgh had a six year course, the third year was followed by award of an ordinary BSc(MedSci). In ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, The University of Melbourne in ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව offers an Arts Degree (BA) to a medical student on the completion of two extra years of undergraduate study, and Monash University offers a Law degree (LLB); if the optional Law degree is undertaken, on completion of their degree the student may choose to do a one-year internship at a hospital and become a doctor, or spend one year doing articles to practise thereafter as a lawyer. At the University of Nottingham in England all medical students on the five year course obtain a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSci) degree without an extra intercalated year. The along with certain medical schools offers a BMedSci qualification on completion of a thesis based on 2-3 months of summer research; only students achieving honours in their preclinical courses are eligible to receive the degree. At certain medical students are able to extend their intercalated year to an extra three years, thus temporarily exiting the MBBS course to complete a . Upon completion of the PhD, the student is required to sit the remaining 2 years of the medicine course in order to receive his/her MBBS degeee.
Progression
Medical school graduates are only entitled to use the courtesy title "Doctor" upon registration as a medical practitioner with the relevant regulatory body in their respective country.
Medical graduates are also eligible to sit various postgraduate examinations, including examinations for membership and fellowship of professional institutions (such as ), postgraduate Masters degrees (such as a or ) and a postgraduate doctorate in medicine (eg Doctor of Medicine, if earned in the UK or Commonwealth nations), and board certification examinations.
මේවාත් බලන්න
යොමුව
Footnotes
- "ECFMG 2008 Information Booklet - Reference Guide for Medical Education Credentials".
- "Columbia University: About Columbia".
- Walker, R Milnes (1965). Medical Education in Britain. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.
- "Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore".
Notations
- (PHY-993) Use of the M. D. Title: The Wisconsin Medical Society: 1) defends the use of the M.D. title by physicians who graduated with an M.B.B.S. and are licensed to practice medicine in Wisconsin. (HOD,0495)[1] 2008-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
http://www.cmb.ac.lk/academic/medicine/index.htm 2010-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
විකිපීඩියාව, විකි, සිංහල, පොත, පොත්, පුස්තකාලය, ලිපිය, කියවන්න, බාගන්න, නොමිලේ, නොමිලේ බාගන්න, mp3, වීඩියෝ, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, පින්තූරය, සංගීතය, ගීතය, චිත්‍රපටය, පොත, ක්‍රීඩාව, ක්‍රීඩා., ජංගම දුරකථන, android, ios, apple, ජංගම දුරකථන, samsung, iphone, xiomi, xiaomi, redmi, honor, oppo, nokia, sonya, mi, පීසී, වෙබ්, පරිගණකය
ව ද යව ද සහ ශල යව ද උප ධ ය ඉ ග ර ස බස න Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery හ වත MBBS හ BMBS ල සද ලත න බස න Medicinae Baccalaureus Baccalaureus Chirurgiae abbreviated in various ways viz MB BChir BM BCh MB BCh MB ChB BM BS MB BS etc are the two degrees awarded upon graduation from in ව ද ය ව ද ය ව and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the එක සත ර ජධ න ය The naming suggests that they are two separate degrees however in practice they are usually treated as one and awarded together ඉත හ සය හ උපතThe degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are currently awarded in various forms in institutions in ඕස ට ර ල ය ව බ ග ල ද ශය ච නය ෆ ජ ගයන ඉන ද ය ව ඉර කය අයර ලන තය ජ ම ය ක ව ජ ර ද නය Kenya Kuwait Libya Malaysia Mexico Nepal නවස ලන තය Pakistan Papua New Guinea Saudi Arabia South Africa Sri Lanka Sudan the United Arab Emirates the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe Historically Bachelor of Medicine was also the primary medical degree conferred by institutions in the United States and Canada such as the Harvard and Several early North American medical schools were for the most part founded by physicians and surgeons who had trained in England and ස ක ට ලන තය University medical education in England culminated with the Bachelor of Medicine qualification and in ස ක ට ලන තය the Doctor of Medicine until from the mid 19th century when the public bodies that regulated medical practice at the time required practitioners in Scotland as well as England to hold the dual Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees Throughout the 1800s North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the and began conferring Doctor of Medicine rather than Bachelor of Medicine the first institution to make such a switch being King s College now Columbia University in In the countries that award bachelors degrees in medicine however Doctor of Medicine denotes a holder of a higher doctorate and is reserved for medical practitioners who undertake research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine Nevertheless those holding Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery are usually referred to by the courtesy title of and use the prefix Dr Despite their styling as two degrees Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are usually conferred together At some institutions such as Oxford and Cambridge it was possible in the past to be awarded the two degrees in different years තහව ර කර න ම ත In many countries the degrees are awarded after an undergraduate course lasting five or six years In some cases a graduate in another discipline may subsequently enter a special graduate entry medical course reduced in duration to account for relevant material covered or learning skills acquired during the first degree In some cases the old first year courses for six year degrees in the basic sciences of physics chemistry and biology have been abolished and that standard has to be reached by means of school examinations before entry However in most countries a newly graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery must spend a specified period in before they can obtain full qualification as a medical practitioner නම ක ර මThe specific names and abbreviations given to these degrees depend on the particular institution awarding body or country and vary widely this is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any particular difference between the relative levels of the degrees and they are considered equivalent If the awarding body titles the degrees in the degrees are commonly named Medicinae Baccalaureus Chirugiae Baccalaureus Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus or Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia abbreviated as MB ChB MB BCh or otherwise If titled in English they are named Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery or Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery usually abbreviated as MB BS and rarely as BM BS even though most MB BS awarding institutions do not use Latin to name their degrees Below are described the specific names used arranged by country ඕස ට ර ල ය ව MB BS are conferred by most ඕස ට ර ල ය න medical schools The Flinders medical school confers BM BS The confers BMed although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Newcastle this degree is equivalent to the MB BS and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery ඊජ ප ත ව All medical schools in Egypt award MB BCh එ ගලන තය Various abbreviations are used for these degrees in England MB ChB are used at the universities of Birmingham Bristol Edinburgh Leeds Leicester Liverpool Keele Manchester Sheffield and Warwick MB BS are used at the University of East Anglia Hull York Medical School Imperial College London the University of London comprising of the St George s Hospital Medical School King s College London Medical School and St Bartholomew s and the London Medical School and BM BCh are used at the University of Oxford BM BS are used at the University of Nottingham Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry and Brighton Sussex Medical School BM is awarded at the University of Southampton Although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Southampton this degree is equivalent to the MB ChB and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery MB BChir are awarded by the University of Cambridge At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge the preclinical course leads to an additional degree upgradable after three or four years to after which most students used to go elsewhere but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals to complete clinical training They could then take the degrees of their new university they used to have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations or taking one of the old non university qualifying examinations The diplomas LRCP LRCS LMSSA were non university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the and through the from 1994 until 1999 when the withdrew permission Prior to 1994 the English diploma of LRCP MRCS was awarded for 110 years and the LMSSA was a distinct and sometimes less esteemed qualification These diplomas slowly became less popular among British medical students but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with university degrees The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in medicine overseas ග ය න The awards MB BS Other offshore United States linked schools in the country award the North American MD but these are not recognized in Guyana itself හ ක The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong has continued to follow the British tradition despite the from the hands of the United Kingdom to the on 30 June 1997 The dual degree is awarded as MB BS at and MB ChB at ඉන ද ය ව Medical colleges in India award MB BS qualifications in medicine and surgery LMS or LMP were also formerly awarded after a shorter course originally at a medical school rather than a medical college In addition the formerly awarded a licentiate at LMS level a membership MCPS at MB BS level and a fellowship FCPS at MD level and the previously of Bengal similarly gave licentiates and memberships on an external basis ඉර කය All award MB ChB අයර ලන තය The awards BM BS The other medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland namely some constituent institutions of the and and the award the degrees of MB BCh BAO The letters BAO stand for Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia Bachelor of Obstetrics a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities began to award in the 19th century after legislation insisted on a final examination in obstetrics This third degree however is not registerable with the Irish nor the British GMC LRCPI LRCSI or simply LRCP amp SI denotes a holder of the historical non university qualifying awarded jointly by the and the to students of the RCSI s medical school under the Irish Conjoint Scheme Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England which were external qualifications these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical Council but not with the British GMC Students at RCSI still receive these licenciates but now also receive the degrees MB BCh BAO due to RCSI s status as a recognised college of the The RCSI students also received a LM from each college in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as L amp LM RCPI L amp LM RCSI or more misleadingly as LLM RCP amp SI LAH formerly denoted a licentiate of the now defunct and is no longer awarded ක න ය ව The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya namely the and award MB ChB මලය ස ය ව The and both award MB BS Other public universities such as Universiti Sains Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak however follow the North American model and style their degrees as Doctor of Medicine However it is questionable whether such degrees are academically equivalent to the US award since the latter universities usually require entrants to have a four year bachelor degree before entry into a professional medical degree ම ක ස ක ව Most medical schools last for 5 or 6 years which include 1 or 2 years of in public and or private After those years of school every medical student is required to complete one year working in rural places This year is refered to as social service During this year the student may practice ව ද ය ව ද ය ව although the title can not be awarded until this year has been completed After the social service year the student recieves the title of Physician and or ම යන ම රය All four medical schools in Myanmar award MB BS න ප ලය All 12 medical schools in Nepal award MB BS නවස ලන තය The two New Zealand medical schools and style their degrees as MB ChB ප ක ස ත නය All medical schools in Pakistan award the MB BS degree after completion of an undergraduate medical education ස ක ට ලන තය All medical schools in Scotland and award MB ChB The s awarded MB ChB until the early 1970s but since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into the St Andrews now only awards a pre clinical BSc or BSc Hons and students go elsewhere to finish their clinical training usually to the University of Manchester where they are awarded an MB ChB after a further three years study The Scottish Triple Conjoint Diploma of LRCPE LRCSE LRCPSG earlier LRCPE LRCSE LRFPSG is an old non university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the and previously through a Board and from 1994 through the These qualifications are still registrable with the GMC තහව ර කර න ම ත but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the UK in 1999 දක ණ අප ර ක ව The and all award MB ChB whereas the styles its degree as MB BCh ස ගප ප ර ව The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore confers MB BS The American also has a medical programme based in Singapore but it follows the North American model of styling its degree Doctor of Medicine ශ ර ල ක The University of Colombo ශ ර ජයවර ධනප ර ව ශ වව ද ය ලය ප ර ද ණ ය ව ශ වව ද ය ලය ක ලණ ය ව ශ වව ද ය ලය ර හ ණ ව ශ වව ද ය ලය ය පනය ව ශ වව ද ය ලය ශ ර ල ක රජරට ව ශ වව ද ය ලය සහ යන ව ශ වව ද ය ල මග න MBBS උප ධ ය ප ර නමය ව ල සය All medical schools in Wales award MB BCh බටහ ර ඉන ද ය ක ද ව ද පත All constituent countries of the UWI confer MB BS due to the historical affiliation of UWI to the වර ග කරණයMedical degrees differ from other undergraduate degrees in that they are qualifications which lead holders to enter a particular career upon receipt This is not the case with most other undergraduate degrees with the exception of qualifications in pharmacy dentistry and so whilst the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are or depending on the institution they are perhaps more accurately conceptualised as a so called Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery are usually awarded as general ordinary degrees not as and as such the graduate is not as for honours degrees in other subjects However at many institutions for example the in England and the in Scotland it is possible for the degrees to be awarded with Honours i e MB ChB Hons or with Commendation if the board of examiners recognises exceptional performance throughout the degree course Very few of these are awarded More often it is possible to study one subject for an extra year for an This is usually a BSc BMedSci BMedBiol or similar at Oxford and Cambridge in England and Dublin in Ireland degrees are awarded At a few universities most medical students obtain an ordinary degree in science as well when the University of Edinburgh had a six year course the third year was followed by award of an ordinary BSc MedSci In ඕස ට ර ල ය ව The University of Melbourne in ඕස ට ර ල ය ව offers an Arts Degree BA to a medical student on the completion of two extra years of undergraduate study and Monash University offers a Law degree LLB if the optional Law degree is undertaken on completion of their degree the student may choose to do a one year internship at a hospital and become a doctor or spend one year doing articles to practise thereafter as a lawyer At the University of Nottingham in England all medical students on the five year course obtain a Bachelor of Medical Sciences BMedSci degree without an extra intercalated year The along with certain medical schools offers a BMedSci qualification on completion of a thesis based on 2 3 months of summer research only students achieving honours in their preclinical courses are eligible to receive the degree At certain medical students are able to extend their intercalated year to an extra three years thus temporarily exiting the MBBS course to complete a Upon completion of the PhD the student is required to sit the remaining 2 years of the medicine course in order to receive his her MBBS degeee ProgressionMedical school graduates are only entitled to use the courtesy title Doctor upon registration as a medical practitioner with the relevant regulatory body in their respective country Medical graduates are also eligible to sit various postgraduate examinations including examinations for membership and fellowship of professional institutions such as postgraduate Masters degrees such as a or and a postgraduate doctorate in medicine eg Doctor of Medicine if earned in the UK or Commonwealth nations and board certification examinations ම ව ත බලන නDoctor of Medicineය ම වFootnotes ECFMG 2008 Information Booklet Reference Guide for Medical Education Credentials Columbia University About Columbia Walker R Milnes 1965 Medical Education in Britain London Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust Duke NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore Notations PHY 993 Use of the M D Title The Wisconsin Medical Society 1 defends the use of the M D title by physicians who graduated with an M B B S and are licensed to practice medicine in Wisconsin HOD 0495 1 2008 02 16 at the Wayback Machine http www cmb ac lk academic medicine index htm 2010 05 29 at the Wayback Machine