ම ම ල ප ය පර වර තනය කළ ය ත ය කර ණ කර ම ම ල ප ය ස හල භ ෂ වට පර වර තනය ක ර ම න ද යකවන න Ottoman Turkish ඕටමන ත ර ක ل سان ع

Ottoman Turkish (ඕටමන් තුර්කි: لِسانِ عُثمانى, Turkish pronunciation: ; තුර්කි: Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized of the used by the citizens of the (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and , and its speakers used the for written communication. During the peak of Ottoman power (ආ. 16th century CE), words of foreign origin in in the Ottoman Empire heavily outnumbered native Turkish words, with Arabic and Persian vocabulary accounting for up to 88% of the Ottoman vocabulary in some texts.

Ottoman Turkish
لسان عثمانى Lisân-ı Osmânî
Ottoman Turkish written in style (لسان عثمانى)
කලාපය
ජන වර්ගය
යුගය	ආ. 15th century; developed into in 1928
භාෂා පවුල	Western Oghuz Ottoman Turkish
ආදි ස්වරූපය

නිල තත්ත්වය
නිල භාෂාව වන ජාතිය	Turkey ()
භාෂා කේත
	`ota`
	`ota`
	`ota`
ග්ලොටෝලොග්	`otto1234`

මෙම ලිපිය තුළ , written from right to left with some letters and additional symbols joined අන්තර්ගත ය. නිසි නොමැති විට, ඔබට unjoined letters or other symbols.

Consequently, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use kaba Türkçe ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare ), which used far fewer foreign and is the basis of the modern standard. The era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language (لسان عثمانی lisân-ı Osmânî or عثمانليجه Osmanlıca); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era (Osmanlıca and Osmanlı Türkçesi). More generically, the Turkish language was called تركچه Türkçe or تركی Türkî "Turkish".

Grammar

Cases

and : -, no suffix. گول göl 'the lake' 'a lake', چوربا çorba 'soup', گیجه gece 'night'; طاوشان گترمش ṭavşan getirmiş 'he/she brought a rabbit'.
: suffix ڭ/نڭ –(n)ıñ, –(n)iñ, –(n)uñ, –(n)üñ. پاشانڭ paşanıñ 'of the pasha'; كتابڭ kitabıñ 'of the book'.
: suffix ى –ı, -i: طاوشانى گترمش ṭavşanı getürmiş 'he/she brought the rabbit'. The variant suffix –u, –ü does not occur in Ottoman Turkish orthography unlike in Modern Turkish, although it's pronounced with the vowel harmony. Thus, گولى göli 'the lake' vs. Modern Turkish gölü.
: suffix ه –e: اوه eve 'to the house'.
: suffix ده –de, –da: مكتبده mektebde 'at school', قفصده ḳafeṣde 'in (the/a) cage', باشده başda 'at a/the start', شهرده şehirde 'in town'. The variant suffix used in Modern Turkish –te, –ta does not occur.
: suffix دن –den, -dan: ادمدن adamdan 'from the man'.
: suffix or postposition ايله ile. Generally not counted as a grammatical case in modern grammars.

Verbs

The conjugation for the aorist tense is as follows:

Person	Singular	Plural
1	-irim	-iriz
2	-irsiŋ	-irsiŋiz
3	-ir	-irler

Structure

's Turkish Dictionary, Second Edition (1880)

Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary. As in most other Turkic and other foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian mutation of the words of Arabic origin.

The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of , prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as , , and . From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find. In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text. It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic.

In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:

Fasih Türkçe (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense;
Orta Türkçe (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade;
Kaba Türkçe (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.

A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the fasih variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and kaba the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic asel (عسل) to refer to when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word bal when buying it.

History

Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:

Eski Osmanlı Türkçesi (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by empire and and was often regarded as part of Eski Anadolu Türkçesi ().
Orta Osmanlı Türkçesi (Middle Ottoman Turkish) or Klasik Osmanlıca ( Ottoman Turkish): the language of poetry and administration from the 16th century until .
Yeni Osmanlı Türkçesi (New Ottoman Turkish): the version shaped from the 1850s to the 20th century under the influence of journalism and Western-oriented literature.

Language reform

In 1928, following the after World War I and the establishment of the , widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of ) instituted by saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist . It also saw the replacement of the script with the . The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state.^[]

See the for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of loanwords are found below.

English	Ottoman
obligatory	واجب vâcib	zorunlu
hardship	مشكل müşkül	güçlük
city	شهر şehir	kent (also şehir)
province	ولایت vilâyet	il (also eyâlet)
war	حرب harb	savaş

Legacy

Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially Türkiye Türkçesi (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in ; for example, the Persian takdîr-i ilâhî (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, ilâhî takdîr (literally, "divine preordaining").

In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by President , who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.

Writing system

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය:

Calendar in 1896, a cosmopolitan city; the first three lines in Ottoman script

Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the (ඕටමන් තුර්කි: الفبا), a variant of the . The , and of were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See , a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script.)

Numbers

1	١	بر	bir
2	٢	ایكی	iki
3	٣	اوچ	üç
4	٤	درت	dört
5	٥	بش	beş
6	٦	آلتی	altı
7	٧	یدی	yedi
8	٨	سكز	sekiz
9	٩	طقوز	dokuz
10	١٠	اون	on
11	١١	اون بر	on bir
12	١٢	اون ایکی	on iki

Transliterations

The transliteration system of the has become a de facto standard in for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. Concerning the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald and Ferit Develioğlu dictionaries have become standard. Another transliteration system is the (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script. There are not many differences between the İA and the DMG transliteration systems.

İA-Transliteration
ا	ب	پ	ت	ث	ج	چ	ح	خ	د	ذ	ر	ز	ژ	س	ش	ص	ض	ط	ظ	ع	غ	ف	ق	ك	گ	ڭ	ل	م	ن	و	ه	ى
ʾ/ā	b	p	t	s	c	ç	ḥ	ḫ	d	ẕ	r	z	j	s	ş	ṣ	ż	ṭ	ẓ	ʿ	ġ	f	ḳ	k,g,ñ,ğ	g	ñ	l	m	n	v	h	y

Notes

The national language was called "Turkish" in the 1921 and 1924 constitutions of the Republic of Turkey.

References

"Turkey – Language Reform: From Ottoman To Turkish". Countrystudies.us. 9 April 2016 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් . සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 May 2016.
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5662 ^[]
Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ottoman Turkish". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. {{}}: Invalid |display-editors=4 (); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored ()
Eid, Mushira (2006). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Volume 4. . ISBN .
(de). Persian Historiography & Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd ISBN p 69
(2001). The Balkans — Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999. Penguin. p. 99.
Kerslake, Celia (1998). "Ottoman Turkish". In Lars Johanson; Éva Á. Csató (eds.). Turkic Languages. New York: Routledge. p. 108. ISBN .
Redhouse, William James. A Simplified Grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish Language. p. 52.
, , , “Original Letters and Papers of the late Viscount Strangford upon Philological and Kindred Subjects”, Published by Trübner, 1878. pg 46: “The Arabic words in Turkish have all decidedly come through a Persian channel. I can hardly think of an exception, except in quite late days, when Arabic words have been used in Turkish in a different sense from that borne by them in Persian.”
M. Sukru Hanioglu, “A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire”, Published by Princeton University Press, 2008. p. 34: “It employed a predominant Turkish syntax, but was heavily influenced by Persian and (initially through Persian) Arabic.
Pierre A. MacKay, "The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha," Hesperia, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1967), pp. 193–195: "The immense Arabic contribution to the lexicon of Ottoman Turkish came rather through Persian than directly, and the sound of Arabic words in Persian syntax would be far more familiar to a Turkish ear than correct Arabic".
Korkut Bugday. An Introduction to Literary Ottoman Routledge, 5 dec. 2014 ISBN p XV.
Aytürk, İlker (July 2008). "The First Episode of Language Reform in Republican Turkey: The Language Council from 1926 to 1931". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 18 (3): 277. doi:10.1017/S1356186308008511. hdl:11693/49487. 1474-0591. 162474551.
Pamuk, Humeyra (December 9, 2014). "Erdogan's Ottoman language drive faces backlash in Turkey". . Istanbul. සම්ප්‍රවේශය May 25, 2019.
Hagopian, V. H. (5 May 2018). "Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar; a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language". Heidelberg, J. Groos; New York, Brentano's [etc., etc.] 24 May 2017 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් . සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 May 2018 – via Internet Archive.
Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2
Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 13
Transkriptionskommission der DMG Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt, p. 9 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2f.

External links

Turkish dictionaries at
Turkish language at
Ottoman Text Archive Project
Ottoman Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan
Ottoman Turkish Language Texts
Ottoman<>Turkish Dictionary – University of Pamukkale You can use ? character instead of an unknown letter. It provides results from Arabic and Persian dictionaries, too.
Ottoman<>Turkish Dictionary – ihya.org

[3] The national language was called "Turkish" in the 1921 and 1924 constitutions of the Republic of Turkey.

[1] "Turkey – Language Reform: From Ottoman To Turkish". Countrystudies.us. 9 April 2016 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් . සම්ප්‍රවේශය 24 May 2016.

[2] ttps://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5662 ^[]

[Glottolog-4] Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Ottoman Turkish". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. {{}}: Invalid |display-editors=4 (); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored ()

[5] Eid, Mushira (2006). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Volume 4. . ISBN .

[Bertold_Spuler_p_69-6] (de). Persian Historiography & Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd ISBN p 69

[7] (2001). The Balkans — Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999. Penguin. p. 99.

[8] Kerslake, Celia (1998). "Ottoman Turkish". In Lars Johanson; Éva Á. Csató (eds.). Turkic Languages. New York: Routledge. p. 108. ISBN .

[9] Redhouse, William James. A Simplified Grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish Language. p. 52.

[10] , , , “Original Letters and Papers of the late Viscount Strangford upon Philological and Kindred Subjects”, Published by Trübner, 1878. pg 46: “The Arabic words in Turkish have all decidedly come through a Persian channel. I can hardly think of an exception, except in quite late days, when Arabic words have been used in Turkish in a different sense from that borne by them in Persian.”

[11] M. Sukru Hanioglu, “A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire”, Published by Princeton University Press, 2008. p. 34: “It employed a predominant Turkish syntax, but was heavily influenced by Persian and (initially through Persian) Arabic.

[12] Pierre A. MacKay, "The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha," Hesperia, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1967), pp. 193–195: "The immense Arabic contribution to the lexicon of Ottoman Turkish came rather through Persian than directly, and the sound of Arabic words in Persian syntax would be far more familiar to a Turkish ear than correct Arabic".

[books.google.nl-13] Korkut Bugday. An Introduction to Literary Ottoman Routledge, 5 dec. 2014 ISBN p XV.

[14] Aytürk, İlker (July 2008). "The First Episode of Language Reform in Republican Turkey: The Language Council from 1926 to 1931". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). 18 (3): 277. doi:10.1017/S1356186308008511. hdl:11693/49487. 1474-0591. 162474551.

[15] Pamuk, Humeyra (December 9, 2014). "Erdogan's Ottoman language drive faces backlash in Turkey". . Istanbul. සම්ප්‍රවේශය May 25, 2019.

[16] Hagopian, V. H. (5 May 2018). "Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar; a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language". Heidelberg, J. Groos; New York, Brentano's [etc., etc.] 24 May 2017 දින පැවති මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් . සම්ප්‍රවේශය 5 May 2018 – via Internet Archive.

[17] Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2

[18] Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 13

[19] Transkriptionskommission der DMG Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt, p. 9 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine

[20] Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2f.