පෙරහම

In , the foreskin or prepuce (a technically broader term that also includes the , the structure in women) is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the and protects the (උසුරුවනුයේ ) when the penis is not .

පෙරසම
තොරතුරු
ලතින්	prepucium, præputium
	,
ධමනිය
ශිරාව
ස්නායුව
හඳුන්වනයන්
	p.1250
	A05.360.444.492.362
Dorlands /Elsevier
TA	A09.4.01.011
	19639
ව්‍යූහ විද්‍යාත්මක ශබ්දමාලාව

හැඳින්වීම

Foreskin (more anatomy visible)

The outside of the foreskin is like the skin on the shaft of the penis, but the inner foreskin is a like the inside of the eyelid or the mouth. Like the eyelid, the foreskin is free to move after it separates from the glans, usually by . Smooth muscle fibres keep it close to the glans but make it highly elastic. The foreskin is attached to the glans with a , which helps retract the foreskin over the glans. At the end of foreskin, there is a band of tissue called the , which, according to one study, is rich in nerve endings called . According to a study by Sorrells et al., the five most sensitive areas of the penis are on the foreskin.

In children, the foreskin covers the glans completely, but, in adults, this need not be so. Schöberlein found that about 50% of young men had full coverage of the glans, 42% had partial coverage, and, in the remaining 8%, the glans was uncovered. After adjusting for , he stated that, in 4% of the young men, the foreskin had spontaneously atrophied (shrunk).

විකසනය

Eight weeks after fertilization, the foreskin begins to grow over the head of the penis, covering it completely by 16 weeks. At this stage, the foreskin and glans share an (mucous layer) that fuses the two together. It remains this way until the foreskin separates from the glans.

At birth, the foreskin is usually still fused with the glans. As childhood progresses the foreskin and the glans gradually separate, a process that may not be complete until late puberty. Thorvaldsen and Meyhoff reported that average age of first foreskin retraction in Denmark is 10.4 years. Wright argues that forcible retraction of the foreskin should be avoided and that the child himself should be the first one to retract his own foreskin. Premature retraction may be painful, and may result in infection.

කාර්යය

The World Health Organization state that there is "debate about the role of the foreskin, with possible functions including keeping the glans moist, protecting the developing penis in utero, or to enhance sexual pleasure due to the presence of nerve receptors".

ලිංගික

Taylor et al described the foreskin in detail, documenting a ridged band of mucosal tissue. They stated "This ridged band contains more Meissner's corpuscles than does the smooth mucosa and exhibits features of specialized sensory mucosa." In 1999, Cold and Taylor stated "The prepuce is primary, erogenous tissue necessary for normal sexual function." Boyle et al, state that "The complex innervation of the foreskin and frenulum has been well-documented, and the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings—many of which are lost to circumcision, with an inevitable reduction in sexual sensation experienced by circumcised males." The AAP noted that the work of Taylor et al "suggests that there may be a concentration of specialized sensory cells in specific ridged areas of the foreskin."

Moses and Bailey (1998), describe the evidence of sensory function as "indirect," and state that, "aside from anecdotal reports, it has not been demonstrated that this is associated with increased male sexual pleasure." The World Health Organisation states that there is little evidence for diminished sexual function, adding that studies have been inconsistent. Fink et al. reported "[a]lthough many have speculated about the effect of a foreskin on sexual function, the current state of knowledge is based on anecdote rather than scientific evidence." Masood et al. state that "[c]urrently no consensus exists about the role of the foreskin or the effect circumcision has on penile sensitivity and overall sexual satisfaction." Schoen states that "[a]necdotally, some have claimed that the foreskin is important for normal sexual activity and improves sexual sensitivity. Objective published studies over the past decade have shown no substantial difference in sexual function between circumcised and uncircumcised men."

Foreskin in motion (gliding action).

The term 'gliding action' is used in some papers to describe the way the foreskin moves during sexual intercourse. This mechanism was described by Lakshamanan & Prakash in 1980, stating that "[t]he outer layer of the prepuce in common with the skin of the shaft of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion..." Several opponents of circumcision have argued that the gliding movement of the foreskin is important during sexual intercourse. Warren & Bigelow claim that gliding action would help to reduce vaginal dryness and that restoration of the gliding action is an important advantage of . describes the gliding action, stating that it reduces friction during ලිංගික සංසර්ගය, and suggesting that it adds "immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties". Taylor suggests that the gliding action, where it occurs, may stimulate the nerves of the , and speculates that the stretching of the frenulum by the rearward gliding action during penetration triggers ejaculation.

Taves used a single subject to test the actual force required to penetrate a measuring apparatus. When the foreskin was retracted a more than tenfold, increase in force was needed. He argued that this confirms the belief of Morgan (1967) that the foreskin makes sexual penetration easier during sexual intercourse. Whiddon (1953) and Foley (1966) also believed that the presence of the foreskin made sexual penetration easier.

වෙනත්

Gairdner (1949) states that the foreskin protects the glans but some studies show that inflammation of the glans is more common when the foreskin is present.

The fold of the prepuce maintains sub-preputial wetness, which mixes with exfoliated skin to form . Some authors believe that smegma contains antibacterial enzymes, though their theory has been challenged. The state that "No controlled scientific data are available regarding differing immune function in a penis with or without a foreskin." Inferior hygiene has been associated with , though excessive washing can cause non-specific dermatitis.

ගැටළු

is where the frenulum is insufficiently long to allow the foreskin to fully retract, which may lead to discomfort during intercourse. The frenulum may also tear during intercourse. is a condition when the foreskin of an adult cannot be retracted properly. (Before adulthood, the foreskin may still be separating from the glans.) Phimosis can be treated by gently stretching the foreskin, by changing masturbation habits, using topical ointments, , or by .

Non-retractable foreskin is not always indicative of a clinical condition. The first time the foreskin retracts (say during masturbation or sex) can be a slightly painful experience, as the is not used to friction and air contact. However the problem resolves itself after a few days of acclimatization, which may include consciously retracting the foreskin and exposing it to air, water, or friction. A condition called may occur if a tight foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans and swells as a restrictive ring. This can cut off the blood supply, resulting in of the glans penis.

Korean doctors claim that South Korean men have a gene that causes “abundant foreskin,” believing that at least 90% of Korean men have “too much” foreskin. Although there is no scientific evidence of this alleged genotype and it was found that most Korean physicians could not define phimosis, almost all of South Korean physicians recommend universal circumcision because they believe it eliminates tight foreskins and brings many benefits. is a rare condition in which the foreskin is not present at birth.

Surgical and other modifications of the foreskin

High and tight circumcised penis.

is the removal of the foreskin, either partially or completely. It may be done for religious, aesthetic, health, or hygiene reasons, or to treat disease.

is a procedure to relieve a tight foreskin without resorting to circumcision.

Other practices include genital piercings involving the foreskin and slitting the foreskin.

ලැංගහෑන් සෛල

are immature dendritic cells that are found in all areas of the penile epithelium, but are most superficial in the inner surface of the foreskin. The recent Szabo and Short (2000) study targets Langerhans cells as receptors of HIV, and states that these cells "must be regarded as the most probable sites for viral entry in primary HIV infection in men." Langerhans cells are also known to express the c-type lectin langerin, which may play a role in transmission of HIV to nearby lymph nodes.However, de Witte et al. (2007) reported that langerin, produced by Langerhans cells, blocks the transmission of HIV to T cells.

Additional images

• with the Roman Cupid Amor showing his penis with its foreskin
• A penis and pubic hair
• Erect human penis
• A penis and foreskin flaccid (left) and semi-erect (right)
• ‍ෙ‍පරසම සහිත ශිෂ්නයක්
• A short foreskin that doesn't cover the complete
• Naturally short foreskin - most of the glans is uncovered even in flaccid state
• Acroposthion of the foreskin
• Taping the foreskin back
• Circumcised penis

වෙනත් සතුන්ගේ පෙරසම

In , the foreskin contains naturally-occurring bacteria that play an important role in fertilization. Almost all mammals have foreskins, although in these non-human cases the foreskin is usually a sheath into which the whole penis is retracted. Only (the platypus and the echidna) lack foreskins.

පෙරසම යොදාගන්නා වෛද්‍ය සහ පාරිභෝගික නිශ්පාදන

Foreskins obtained from circumcision procedures are frequently used by biochemical and micro-anatomical researchers to study the structure and proteins of human skin. In particular, foreskins obtained from newborns have been found to be useful in the manufacturing of more human skin.

Foreskins from circumcised babies are used to make a commercial anti-wrinkle skin cream. A six-week supply costs US$130.

Foreskins of babies are also used for tissue, and for -based drugs.

Foreskin have been used in biomedical research.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි

• කායවිච්ඡේදවේදය
• සුන්නත්කිරීම
• ස්වයංවින්දනය
• ශිෂ්නය

References

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2. Cold, CJ. "The prepuce". BJU Int. 83 Supp 1: 34–44. {{}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) ()
3. Sorrels, Morris (2007). (PDF). Bjuinternational. 99: 864–869. 2009-10-07 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2009-03-01. {{}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) ()
4. Schöberlein circumcision taboos. Phimosis frenulum and foreskin conditions, phimosis and male initiation
5. Gairdner, D (1949). "The Fate of The Foreskin: a study of circumcision". BMJ. 2: 1433–7.
6. Øster, J (1968). "Further fate of the foreskin: incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys". Arch Dis Child. 43: 200–3.
7. Phimosis: Pathological or Physiological?
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11. Boyle, G; Goldman, R; Svoboda, J; Fernandez E (2002). "Male Circumcision: Pain, Trauma and Psychosexual Sequelae". Journal of Health Psychology. 7: 329–343. doi:10.1177/1359105302007003225.{{}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ()
12. . Pediatrics. 103: 686–693. 1999. doi:10.1542/peds.103.3.686. PMID 10049981. 2007-01-22 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2009-03-01. {{}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored ()
13. Moses S (1998). . Sexually Transmitted Infections. Vol 74 (Issue 5): 368–373. 2006-11-30 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2007-04-28. There is indirect evidence suggesting that the foreskin may have an important sensory function, although aside from anecdotal reports, it has not been demonstrated that this is associated with increased male sexual pleasure. {{}}: |issue= has extra text (); |volume= has extra text (); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) ()
14. "Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability" (PDF). World Health Organization. p. 22. Although it has been argued that sexual function may diminish following circumcision due to the removal of the nerve endings in the foreskin and subsequent thickening of the epithelia of the glans, there is little evidence for this and studies are inconsistent.
15. Fink KS, Carson CC, DeVellis RF (2002). "Adult circumcision outcomes study: effect on erectile function, penile sensitivity, sexual activity and satisfaction". J. Urol. 167 (5): 2113–6. PMID 11956453. {{}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored ()CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ()
16. Masood S, Patel HR, Himpson RC, Palmer JH, Mufti GR, Sheriff MK (2005). "Penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision: are we informing men correctly?". Urol. Int. 75 (1): 62–6. doi:10.1159/000085930. PMID 16037710.{{}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ()
17. Schoen EJ (2007). "Should newborns be circumcised? Yes". Can Fam Physician. 53 (12): 2096–8, 2100–2. PMID 18077736. {{}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored ()
18. Lakshmanan S; Prakash S (1980). "Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function". Indian Journal of Surgery. 44: 134–137. The outer layer of the prepuce in common with the skin of the shaft of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion and has to be delicate and thin, as was observed in this study. [...] The inner lining of the projecting tubular part has the structure of the outer layer and adds to the thin gliding skin when retracted.{{}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ()
19. Kigozi G, Watya S, Polis CB; et al. (2008). "The effect of male circumcision on sexual satisfaction and function, results from a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, Rakai, Uganda". BJU Int. 101 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07369.x. PMID 18086100. Opponents of circumcision, using results from selected observational studies, have argued that the procedure impairs sexual function, and reduces sexual pleasure and satisfaction through keratinization of the glans, removal of the most sensitive preputial tissues, and loss of the 'gliding' mechanism provided by the foreskin {{}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (); Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (); Unknown parameter |month= ignored ()CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ()
20. Warren, J; Bigelow J (September/October 1994). "The case against circumcision". Br J Sex Med: 6–8. {{}}: Check date values in: |date= ()CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ()
21. O'Hara K (2002). Sex as Nature Intended It: The Most Important Thing You Need to Know about Making Love, but No One Could Tell You Until Now. Turning Point Publications. p. 72. During intercourse, the natural penis shaft actually glides within its own shaft skin covering. This minimizes friction to the vaginal walls and opening, and to the shaft skin itself, adding immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties.
    Friction is not entirely eliminated during natural intercourse but it is largely eliminated. Friction can take place in the lower vagina, but only if the man uses a stroke that exceeds the (forward and backward) gliding range of the shaft's extra skin. And in such a case, there will be friction only to the extent that the shaft exceeded its extra skin, which is uncommon since the natural penis has a propensity for short strokes. Primarily, it is the penis head that makes frictional contact with the vaginal walls, usually in the upper vagina where there is ample lubrication. [...] The gliding principle of natural intercourse is a two-way street—the vagina glides on the shaft skin while the shaft skin massages the penis shaft as it glides over it.
22. Taylor, J (2000). "Back and Forth". Pediatrics News. 34 (10): 50.
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External links

• Prepuce.com - An Erotic View Point and many images of user self contributed foreskin 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
• Foreskin.org - Many detailed pictures of the human male foreskin
• Lakshmanan S., Prakash S. Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function. Indian J Surg 1980;44:134-7.
• Davenport M. Problems with the penis and prepuce. British Medical Journal 1996;312:299-301.
• Simpson ET, Barraclough P. The management of the paediatric foreskin. Aust Fam Physician 1998;27(5):381-3.
• Cold CJ, McGrath KA. Anatomy and histology of the penile and clitoral prepuce in primates. Male and Female Circumcision 1999
• Peter Charles Remondino. History of Circumcision from the Earliest Times to the Present. Philadelphia and London; F. A. Davis; 1891.
• Video "The Prepuce" a film prepared by Doctors Opposing Circumcision for medical students.

(WMP, streaming) http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/video/prepuce.html 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine

(WMP, download) http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/video/Circumcision_WM7NTSC_256k_D.wmv 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine

• - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Surface Anatomy of the Penis"