එන්ටෙබේ වැටලීම

එන්ටෙබේ වැටලීම හෝ ඔපරේෂන් එන්ටෙබේ, නිල වශයෙන් ඔපරේෂන් තන්ඩර්බෝල්ට් (පසුකාලීනව ඔපරේෂන් යොනාටන් යන සංකේත නාමයෙන් හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ) යනු 1976 දී උගන්ඩාවේ ඊශ්‍රායල ප්‍රති-ත්‍රස්ත මෙහෙයුමකි. එය දියත් කරන ලද්දේ ටෙල් අවිව් සහ පැරිස් නගර අතර එයාර් ප්‍රංශය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ජාත්‍යන්තර සිවිල් මගී ගුවන් යානයක් (එයාර්බස් ඒ300) පැහැර ගැනීමට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන් ය. ඇතන්ස්හි නැවතුම් පොළක් අතරතුර, ගුවන් යානය පලස්තීන PFLP-EO ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ජර්මානු RZ ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් දෙදෙනෙකු විසින් පැහැර ගන්නා ලදී, ඔවුන් ගුවන් යානය ලිබියාවට සහ පසුව උගන්ඩාවට හරවා එන්ටෙබේ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළට ගොඩ බැස්සේය. උගන්ඩාවට ගිය පසු කණ්ඩායමට උගන්ඩාවේ ආඥාදායක ඉඩි අමීන්ගේ සහයෝගය ලැබුණි.

Operation Thunderbolt
the and the Cold War හි කොටසකි
Israeli commandos with a resembling the one owned by Ugandan dictator , used by to deceive Ugandan troops during the raid.
දිනය 4 ජූලි 1976; වසර 48 කට පෙර (1976-07-04) පිහිටුම , Uganda 0°02′43″N 32°27′13″E / 0.04528°N 32.45361°E / 0.04528; 32.45361ඛණ්ඩාංක: 0°02′43″N 32°27′13″E / 0.04528°N 32.45361°E / 0.04528; 32.45361 ප්‍රතිඵලය Israeli victory 102 of 106 hostages rescued ~25% of Uganda's military aircraft destroyed
යුද්ධාවතීරයන්
Israel Supported by:  Kenya
ආඥාපතියන් සහ නායකයන්
†	†
හමුදාමය ප්‍රබලතාවය
ආ. 100 Israeli commandos (plus aerial crew and support personnel)	7 hijackers: 5 Palestinians, 2 Germans 100+ Ugandan soldiers
අපාතිකයන් සහ හානි
1 killed (Y. Netanyahu) 5 wounded	7 hijackers killed 45 soldiers killed 11–30 Ugandan aircraft destroyed
4 hostages killed (incl. ) 10 hostages wounded

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Sites associated with Operation Entebbe

1976 ජුනි 27 වන දින මගීන් 248 දෙනෙකුගේ ගුවන් යානය පැහැරගත් ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් ඊශ්‍රායලයේ සිරකර සිටි පලස්තීන සහ අනුබද්ධ සටන්කාමීන් 40 දෙනෙකු නිදහස් කිරීමට මෙන්ම තවත් රටවල් හතරක සිරකරුවන් 13 දෙනෙකු නිදහස් කිරීමට බලකිරීමේ ප්‍රකාශිත අරමුණ ඇතිව ප්‍රාණ ඇපයට ගත්හ. ගුවන් යානය ගොඩබෑමෙන් පසු කොල්ලකරුවන්ට සහය දැක්වීම සඳහා උගන්ඩා සොල්දාදුවන් 100කට අධික පිරිසක් යොදවා ඇති අතර, මුල සිටම පැහැර ගැනීම පිළිබඳව දැනුම් දුන් අමීන්, එන්ටෙබේහිදී ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් පෞද්ගලිකව පිළිගෙන ඇත. සියලුම ප්‍රාණ ඇපකරුවන් අභාවයට ගිය ගුවන් තොටුපළකට ගෙන ගිය පසු, කොල්ලකරුවන් සියලු ඊශ්‍රායල් ජාතිකයන් සහ ඊශ්‍රායල නොවන යුදෙව්වන් කිහිප දෙනෙකු විශාල මගීන්ගෙන් වෙන් කර, පසුව ඔවුන් වෙනම කාමරයකට ගෙන ගියහ. ඊළඟ දින දෙක තුළ ඊශ්‍රායල නොවන ප්‍රාණ ඇපකරුවන් 148 දෙනෙකු නිදහස් කර පැරිසිය වෙත පියාසර කරන ලදී. ඉතිරි මගීන් 94 දෙනා, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් ඊශ්‍රායල ජාතිකයන් වන අතර, 12 දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුත් එයාර් ප්‍රංශ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය දිගටම ප්‍රාණ ඇපකරුවන් ලෙස රඳවා තබා ගන්නා ලදී.

නියම කරන ලද සිරකරුවන් නිදහස් නොකළහොත් 106 වහලුන් මරා දමන බවට කොල්ලකරුවන් තර්ජනය කර තිබූ බැවින් ඊශ්‍රායල රජය තුළ නියෝජිතයන් මුලින් විවාදයට ගත්හ. මොසාඩ් විසින් සපයන ලද බුද්ධි තොරතුරු මත ක්‍රියා කිරීම, ඊශ්‍රායල හමුදාව ගලවා ගැනීමේ මෙහෙයුමක් දියත් කිරීමට තීරණය කරන ලදී. අමීන්ගේ උගන්ඩා හමුදාව සමඟ සන්නද්ධ ගැටුමකට සූදානම් වීම ඊශ්‍රායල සැලසුම්වලට ඇතුළත් විය.

1976 ජූලි 3 වන දින රාත්‍රියේ මෙහෙයුම ආරම්භ කරමින් ඊශ්‍රායල ප්‍රවාහන ගුවන් යානා ගලවා ගැනීමේ ප්‍රයත්නය සඳහා උගන්ඩාව වෙත කමාන්ඩෝ භටයින් 100 දෙනෙකු 4,000 (සැතපුම් 2,500) වඩා පියාසර කරන ලදී. මිනිත්තු 90 ක කාලය තුළ, ප්‍රාණ ඇපකරුවන් 102 දෙනෙකු සාර්ථකව බේරා ගැනීමට හැකි වූ අතර, තිදෙනෙකු මිය ගොස් ඇත. මියගිය ප්‍රාණ ඇපකරුවන්ගෙන් එක් අයෙකු වන ඩෝරා බ්ලොච්, ඊශ්‍රායල ගලවා ගැනීමේ මෙහෙයුමෙන් ටික කලකට පසු කම්පාලා හි රෝහලකදී උගන්ඩා බලධාරීන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලදී. ගුවන් යානය පැහැර ගැනීමේදී ඇය රෝගාතුර වී ඇති අතර කමාන්ඩෝ භටයින් පැමිණීමට පෙර ප්‍රතිකාර සඳහා ගුවන් යානයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී. ඊශ්‍රායල හමුදාව පස් දෙනෙකු තුවාල ලැබූ අතර එක් අයෙකු මිය ගියේය; යොනාටන් නෙතන්යාහු යනු එන්ටෙබේ මෙහෙයුමේ ඊශ්‍රායලයේ එකම මාරාන්තිකයා වූ අතර, ගලවාගැනීමේ ප්‍රයත්නයේදී සයරෙට් මාට්කල් මෙහෙයවීය - ඔහු පසුව ඊශ්‍රායලයේ අගමැති බවට පත්වන බෙන්ජමින් නෙතන්යාහුගේ වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයා විය. ඊශ්‍රායල කමාන්ඩෝ භටයින් විසින් කොල්ලකරුවන් සියලු දෙනා සහ උගන්ඩා සොල්දාදුවන් 45 දෙනෙකු මරා දැමූ අතර උගන්ඩාවේ MiG-17 සහ MiG-21 යානා එකොළහක් විනාශ කරන ලදී. උගන්ඩාවේ මෙහෙයුම අතරතුර ඊශ්‍රායලයට අසල්වැසි කෙන්යාවේ සහාය ලැබිණි. ඉඩි අමීන් පසුව උගන්ඩාවේ වෙසෙන සියලුම කෙන්යානුවන් මරා දමන ලෙස උගන්ඩා හමුදාවට නියෝග නිකුත් කළේය. එය කෙන්යානු-උගන්ඩා ජාතිකයින් 245 දෙනෙකුගේ මරණයට සහ කෙන්යානුවන් 3000ක් පමණ උගන්ඩාවෙන් පිටව යාමට හේතු විය.

Hijacking

Air France Flight 139

The involved, at in 1980
Hijacking
Date	27 June 1976
Summary	Hijacking
Site	Greek airspace
Aircraft
Aircraft type
Operator
	F-BVGG
Flight origin	, Israel
Stopover	, Greece
Destination	, France
Occupants	260
Passengers	248
Crew	12
Fatalities	4
Injuries	10
Survivors	256

On 27 June 1976, Air France Flight 139, an , (c/n 019), departed from Tel Aviv, Israel, carrying 246 mainly Jewish and passengers and a crew of 12. The plane flew to Athens, Greece, where it picked up an additional 58 passengers, including four hijackers. It departed for Paris at 12:30 pm. Just after takeoff, the flight was by two from the (PFLP-EO), and by two Germans, and , from the German . The hijackers diverted the flight to , Libya. There it was held on the ground for seven hours for refuelling. During that time the hijackers released British-born Israeli citizen Patricia Martell, who pretended to have a . The plane left Benghazi and at 3:15 pm on the 28th, more than 24 hours after the flight's original departure, it arrived at in Uganda.

Situation at Uganda's Entebbe International Airport

At Entebbe, the four hijackers were joined by at least four others, supported by the forces of Uganda's president, . The hijackers transferred the passengers to the transit hall of the disused former airport terminal where they kept them under guard for the following days. Amin came to visit the hostages almost on a daily basis, updating them on developments and promising to use his efforts to have them freed through negotiations.

On 28 June, a PFLP-EO hijacker issued a declaration and formulated their demands. In addition to a ransom of US$5 million for the release of the airplane, they demanded the release of 53 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants, 40 of whom were prisoners in Israel. They threatened that if these demands were not met, they would begin to kill hostages on 1 July 1976.

Separation of hostages

On 29 June, after Ugandan soldiers had opened an entrance to a room next to the crowded waiting hall by destroying a separating wall, the hijackers separated the Israelis (including those holding dual citizenship) from the other hostages and told them to move to the adjoining room. As they did so, a Holocaust survivor showed hijacker Wilfried Böse a on his arm. Böse protested "I'm no Nazi! ... I am an idealist." In addition, five non-Israeli hostages – two ultra-orthodox Jewish couples from the US and Belgium and a French resident of Israel – were forced to join the Israeli group. According to Monique Epstein Khalepski, the French hostage among the five, the captors had singled them out for questioning and suspected them of hiding their Israeli identities. On the other hand, according to French hostage Michel Cojot-Goldberg, the captors failed to identify at least one Israeli among the passengers who was a military officer with dual citizenship then using his non-Israeli passport and he was later freed as part of the second release of non-Israeli hostages. US citizen Janet Almog, Frenchwoman Jocelyne Monier (whose husband or boyfriend was Israeli), and French-Israeli dual citizen Jean-Jacques Mimouni, whose name had not been called up during the reading of the original passport-based list, reportedly joined the Israeli hostage group by their own choice.

Release of most non-Israeli hostages

On 30 June, the hijackers released 48 hostages. The released were picked from among the non-Israeli group – mainly elderly and sick passengers and mothers with children. Forty-seven of them were flown by a chartered Air France Boeing 747 out of Entebbe to Paris, and one passenger was treated in hospital for a day. On 1 July, after the Israeli government had conveyed its agreement to negotiations, the hostage-takers extended their deadline to noon on 4 July and released another group of 100 non-Israeli captives who again were flown to Paris a few hours later. Among the 106 hostages staying behind with their captors at Entebbe airport were the 12 members of the Air France crew who refused to leave, about ten young French passengers, and the Israeli group of some 84 people.

Israeli response

Diplomatic efforts

In the week before the raid, Israel tried using political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages. Many sources indicate that the was prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed. A retired IDF officer, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, had known Idi Amin for many years and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him. At the request of the cabinet, he spoke with Amin on the phone many times, trying to gain the release of the hostages, without success. The Israeli government also approached the United States government to deliver a message to Egyptian president , asking him to request that Amin release the hostages. Prime minister and defence minister spent one week disagreeing on whether to give in to the hijackers' demands (Rabin's position) or not, to prevent more terrorism (Peres' position).

At the 1 July deadline, the Israeli cabinet offered to negotiate with the hijackers to extend the deadline to 4 July. Amin also asked them to extend the deadline until that date. This meant he could take a diplomatic trip to , Mauritius, to officially hand over chairmanship of the to . This extension of the hostage deadline proved crucial to providing Israeli forces enough time to get to Entebbe.

On 3 July, at 18:30, the Israeli cabinet approved a rescue mission, presented by and Brigadier General . Shomron was appointed as the operation commander.

Egyptian–PLO involvement and failure of diplomacy

As the crisis unfolded, attempts were made to negotiate the release of the hostages. According to declassified diplomatic documents, the Egyptian government under Sadat tried to negotiate with both the PLO and the Ugandan government. PLO chairman sent his political aide to Uganda as a special envoy to negotiate with the hostage takers and with Amin. However, the PFLP-EO hijackers refused to see him.

Israel's military preparations

When Israeli authorities failed to negotiate a political solution, they decided that their only option was an attack to rescue the hostages. Lt. Col. , lead pilot of the operation, later said that the Israelis had initially conceived of a rescue plan that involved dropping naval commandos into . The commandos would have ridden rubber boats to the airport on the edge of the lake. They planned to kill the hijackers and after freeing the hostages, they would ask Amin for passage home. The Israelis abandoned this plan because they lacked the necessary time and also because they had received word that Lake Victoria was inhabited by the .

, the mission's intelligence officer, later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown, as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives.

Aircraft refuelling

While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel the aircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity to four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While several nations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders.^[]

The raid could not proceed without assistance from at least one East African government. The Israeli government secured permission from Kenya for the IDF task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at what is today . Kenyan persuaded Kenyan President to permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation, and to allow the access to the Nairobi airport. MacKenzie's support for the operation came after , the then head of Britain's intelligence agency, put his contacts in Mossad in touch with MacKenzie, who had been an MI6 contact for some time. The Jewish owner of the Block hotels chain in Kenya, along with other members of the Jewish and Israeli community in , may also have used their political and economic influence to help persuade Kenya's President Jomo Kenyatta to help Israel.

Uganda's Ambassador to , , overheard some of the details of the operation from officers who were discussing the possibility of Israeli compensation for the assistance and forwarded the information to Ugandan commander . Maliyamungu did not alert Amin or take any action on the intelligence, allegedly dismissing the report as "gasiya" (rubbish). According to Amin's son, Jaffar Remo, the Ugandan president still managed to receive Lumago's warning via telephone and, after completing his responsibilities at the OAU meeting, boarded a plane and flew back to Uganda. An ex-agent of Uganda's intelligence service, the , also claimed that Amin was informed by Lumago of the imminent raid. The agent stated that Amin was terrified of possible reprisals in case his troops actually fought the Israeli military, allegedly resulting in his ordering that the should not open fire on Israeli aircraft during a possible raid.

Mossad intelligence

Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris. Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted with , a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held. While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original.^[]

IDF major later remarked in an interview that Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released. He said that a French-Jewish passenger who had a military background and "a phenomenal memory" had provided detailed information about the number of weapons carried by the hostage-takers.

Task force

The Israeli ground task force numbered approximately 100 personnel, and comprised the following elements:

Ground command and control

This small group comprised the operation and overall ground commander, , the air force representative Colonel Ami Ayalon and the communications and support personnel.

Assault

A 29-man assault unit led by Lt. Col. – this force was composed entirely of commandos from , and was given the primary task of assaulting the old terminal and rescuing the hostages. Major Betser led one of the element's assault teams, and took command after Lt. Col. Netanyahu was killed.

Securers

1. The force led by – tasked with securing the civilian airport field, clearing and securing the runways, and protection and fuelling of the Israeli aircraft in Entebbe.
2. The force led by – tasked with securing the C-130 Hercules aircraft for the hostages' evacuation, getting it as close as possible to the terminal and boarding the hostages; also with acting as general reserves.
3. The force led by – tasked with clearing the military airstrip, and destroying the squadron of fighter jets on the ground, to prevent any possible interceptions by the ; also with holding off hostile from the city of Entebbe.

Raid

Aerial photo of the city of and the at sunset

Attack route

Taking off from , the task force flew along the international flight path over the Red Sea, mostly flying at a height of no more than 30 m (100 ft) to avoid radar detection by Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi Arabian forces. Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C-130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory, passing west of . From there, they went to a point northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. They turned west, passing through the and over .

Two jets followed the cargo planes. The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. The commander of the operation, General Yekutiel Adam, was on board the second Boeing, which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid.

The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23:00 , with their doors already open. Because the proper layout of the airport was not known, the first plane almost taxied into a ditch. A black car that looked like President Idi Amin's vehicle and that usually accompanied Amin's Mercedes were brought along. The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints. When the C-130s landed, Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin. As they approached the terminal, two Ugandan sentries, aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes, ordered the vehicles to stop. The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols. This was against the plan and against the orders – the Ugandans were to be ignored, as they were believed not to be likely to open fire at this stage. An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle. Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely, the assault team quickly approached the terminal.

Hostage rescue

A 1994 photograph of the old terminal with a parked in front. Bullet holes from the 1976 raid are still visible.

The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal. The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. Entering the terminal, the commandos shouted through a megaphone, "Stay down! Stay down! We are Israeli soldiers," in both Hebrew and English. Jean-Jacques Maimoni, a 19-year-old French immigrant to Israel, stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him. Another hostage, Pasco Cohen, 52, was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos. In addition, a third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who had , was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire.

According to hostage Ilan Hartuv, Wilfried Böse was the only hijacker who, after the operation began, entered the hall housing the hostages. At first he pointed his rifle at hostages, but "immediately came to his senses" and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom, before being killed by the commandos. According to Hartuv, Böse fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages.

At one point, an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" referring to the hijackers. The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport's main hall, into which the commandos threw several . They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, ending the assault. Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloaded to provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling. The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing, and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence.

Departure

Rescued passengers welcomed at Ben Gurion Airport

After the raid, the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. The Israeli commandos returned fire, inflicting casualties on the Ugandans. During this brief but intense firefight, Ugandan soldiers fired from the . At least five commandos were wounded, and the Israeli unit commander, Yonatan Netanyahu, was killed. Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and a back at the control tower, suppressing the Ugandans' fire. According to one of Idi Amin's sons, the soldier who shot Netanyahu, a cousin of the Amin family, was killed by return fire. The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages, loaded Netanyahu's body into one of the planes, and left the airport. The entire operation lasted 53 minutes – of which the assault lasted only 30 minutes. All seven hijackers present, and about 50 Ugandan soldiers, were killed. Eleven Soviet-built and fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport. Out of the 106 hostages, three were killed, one was left in Uganda (74-year-old ), and approximately 10 were wounded. The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi, Kenya, shortly after the raid.

Ugandan reaction

Relatives pay last respects to Dora Bloch, 75, after she was murdered by officers of the Ugandan army.

Amin was furious upon learning of the raid, and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike. Following the raid, Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, he shot 12 of them with his pistol. Uganda Army Chief of Staff reportedly wanted to incarcerate or execute , the Entebbe Air Base commander, who was absent from his post during the raid. Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July. Despite Adrisi's demands, Sule's closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety.

Murder of Dora Bloch

ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය:

Dora Bloch, a 74-year-old Israeli who also held British citizenship, was taken to in after choking on a chicken bone. After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army, as were some of her doctors and nurses, apparently for trying to intervene. In April 1987, , Uganda's and at the time, told the that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amin's orders. Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20 miles (32 km) east of Kampala in 1979, after the ended Amin's rule.

Idi Amin's anti-Kenyan crackdown

Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenya's assistance to Israel in the raid. Uganda killed 245 Kenyans, including airport staff at Entebbe. To avoid massacre, approximately 3000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees.

On May 24, 1978, Kenya's former agriculture minister, , was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin. Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenya's involvement and MacKenzie's actions prior to the raid. Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target. Later, Mossad Chief Director had a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzie's name.

Aftermath and reactions

United Nations

The convened on 9 July 1976, to consider a complaint from the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity charging Israel with an "act of aggression". The Council allowed Israel's ambassador to the United Nations, , and Uganda's foreign minister, , to participate without voting rights. UN Secretary General told the Security Council that the raid was "a serious violation of the sovereignty of a Member State of the United Nations" though he was "fully aware that this is not the only element involved ... when the world community is now required to deal with unprecedented problems arising from international terrorism." Abdalla, the representative of Uganda, alleged that the affair was close to a peaceful resolution when Israel intervened while Herzog, the representative of Israel, accused Uganda of direct complicity in the hijacking. The US and UK sponsored a resolution which condemned hijacking and similar acts, deplored the loss of life arising from the hijacking (without condemning either Israel or Uganda), reaffirmed the need to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, and called on the international community to enhance the safety of civil aviation. However, the resolution failed to receive the required number of affirmative votes because two voting members abstained and seven were absent. A second resolution sponsored by Benin, Libya and Tanzania, that condemned Israel, was not put to a vote.

Western Bloc

Western nations spoke in support of the raid. West Germany called the raid "an act of self-defence". Switzerland and France praised the operation. Representatives of the United Kingdom and United States offered significant praise, calling the Entebbe raid "an impossible operation". Some in the United States noted that the hostages were freed on 4 July 1976, 200 years after the signing of the . In private conversation with Israeli Ambassador Dinitz, sounded criticism for Israeli use of US equipment during the operation, but that criticism was not made public at the time. In mid-July 1976, the supercarrier and her escorts entered the Indian Ocean and operated off the Kenyan coast in response to a threat of military action by forces from Uganda.

The hijacked aircraft's pilot, Captain , was awarded the , and the other crew members were awarded the .

In the ensuing years, Betser and the Netanyahu brothers – and , all Sayeret Matkal veterans – argued in increasingly public forums about who was to blame for the unexpected early firefight that caused Yonatan's death and partial loss of tactical surprise.

As a result of the operation, the United States military developed rescue teams modelled on the unit employed in the Entebbe rescue. One notable attempt was , a failed 1980 rescue of 53 American embassy personnel held hostage in Tehran during the .

In a letter dated 13 July 1976, the Supreme Commander's Staff of the praised the Israeli commandos for the mission and extended condolences for "the loss and martyrdom" of Netanyahu.

F-BVGG, the aircraft in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139, was repaired and returned to service with Air France. In April 1996, the aircraft was leased to for three months. In December the same year, the aircraft was converted into a freighter and was delivered to S-C Aviation, having been re-registered as N742SC. In 1998 the aircraft was delivered to and re-registered as TC-MNA. In 2009, the aircraft was placed into storage at Istanbul Atatürk Airport and was scrapped in 2020.

Palestinian bombing of Kenya's Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi

, owned by a prominent member of , was bombed on 31 December 1980. The bomb flattened the hotel, killing 20 people, of several nationalities, and injuring 87 more. It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro-Palestinian militants for Kenya's supporting role in Operation Entebbe.

Commemorations

In August 2012, Uganda and Israel commemorated the raid at a somber ceremony at the base of a tower at the Old Entebbe Airport, where Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Uganda and Israel renewed their commitment to "fight terrorism and to work towards humanity". In addition, wreaths were laid, a moment of silence was held, speeches were given, and a poem was recited. The flags of Uganda and Israel were flown side by side, symbolising the two countries' strong bilateral relations, next to a plaque bearing a history of the raid. The ceremony was attended by Ugandan State Minister for Animal Industry and the deputy , who laid wreaths at the site. Forty years to the day after the rescue operation, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, brother of slain Israeli commando Yonatan Netanyahu, visited Entebbe with an Israeli delegation, and laid the groundwork for further Israeli–sub-Saharan African bilateral relations.

In popular culture

Documentaries

• Operation Thunderbolt: Entebbe, a documentary about the hijacking and the subsequent rescue mission.
• (1980), a of the Ugandan dictator briefly features the raid, with an unusual depiction of Amin displaying cowardice when he learns of it.
• Rescue at Entebbe, Episode 12 of 2005 documentary series Against All Odds: Israel Survives by Michael Greenspan.
• (2010), a documentary by director Andrew Wainrib, who gained access to the surviving commandos and hostages.
• Live or Die in Entebbe (2012) by director follows Yonatan Khayat's journey to uncover the circumstances of his uncle Jean-Jacques Maimoni's death in the raid.
• "Assault on Entebbe", an episode of the documentary .
• Operation Thunderbolt, the fifth episode in the 2012 documentary series Black Ops.

Dramatizations

• (1976): with , , and , Director: .
• (1977): with , , , , , and , Director: , Producer: .
• (1977): with played Col. Netanyahu, and played the hijackers. Director: .
• (2006): The raid occurs as one episode in a longer story about Idi Amin.
• (2018): Director: .

Films inspired by Operation Entebbe

• (1986) which featured a hostage rescue operation inspired by Operation Entebbe.
• (2003) is a movie starring and who draw a plan to rescue hostages of an Indian airliner hijacked by Pakistani militants on the basis of Operation Entebbe.

Other media

• , a 1988 , loosely based on Operation Entebbe, but using a fictional location.
• , a 2009 play by based in part on Yonatan Netanyahu's letters. The play, produced by 's Theatre Or opened off-off Broadway in New York in June 2009 during the .

Gallery

• The old control tower as seen from the front
• Close up of the control tower
• The old terminal building as it appeared in 2009
• Wall plaque on display at the old terminal building
• The old terminal building of the Entebbe International Airport as seen from the air

See also

• – a similar hijacking and raid on another Air France airliner in 1994
• – a project whose funding came about because of Operation Entebbe
• – a similar event the following year, involving a German airliner
• (Aman) – Israel's military intelligence agency
• – a proposed SAS operation during the inspired by Operation Entebbe
• – a clandestine airlift of a battalion of Greek commandos from Crete to Cyprus in 1974
• – Israeli Special Forces Units

Notes

1. Sources state varying numbers of passengers, between 228 and 246; the higher figure is taken from The New York Times.
2. Claims by various authors that the separation was made between Jews and non-Jews are in conflict with eyewitness accounts and later they were expressly disclaimed by several former hostages as a "myth" or a manipulation by "sensation-hungry journalists and film-makers."
3. Now confidential cabinet papers released under the Freedom of Information Act show that the British High Commission in Kampala received a report from a Ugandan civilian that Mrs Bloch had been shot and her body dumped in the boot of a car which had Ugandan intelligence services number plates.

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Further reading

• (2010). "26, Entebbe: Flight 139". The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership. The Toby Press. pp. 303–318. ISBN .
• Blumenau, Bernhard (2014). "2, 'The German silence': the Entebbe hijacking of 1976". The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 59–73. ISBN .
• Betser, Muki; Robert Rosenberg (1996). Secret Soldier. Sydney: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
• (2015). Operation Thunderbolt: Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport. London: . ISBN .
• Dunstan, Simon (2009). Israel's Lighting Strike, The raid on Entebbe 1976. ; Osprey Raid Series No. 2. ISBN .
• (1979). Yoni: Hero of Entebbe. Doubleday. ISBN .
• (2001). Yoni's Last Battle: The Rescue at Entebbe, 1976. Gefen Books. ISBN .
• Netanyahu, Ido; Netanyahu, ʻIdo; Netanyahu, Iddo; Hazony, Yoram (2003). Entebbe: the Jonathan Netanyahu story: a defining moment in the war on terrorism. Green Forest, AR: Balfour Books. ISBN .
• Netanyahu, Jonathan; Netanyahu, Binyamin; Netanyahu, Ido; Wouk, Herman (1998). Self-Portrait of a Hero: From the Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu, 1963–1976. Warner Books Inc. ISBN .
• (2001). The Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu: The Commander of the Entebbe Rescue Operation. Gefen Publishing House, Ltd. ISBN .
• Seftel, Adam, ed. (2010) [1st pub. 1994]. Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN .
• (1976). 90 Minutes at Entebbe. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN .
• Rwehururu, Bernard (2002). Cross to the Gun. Kampala: Monitor.  50243051.

External links

එන්ටෙබේ වැටලීම හා සබැඳි මාධ්‍ය විකිමාධ්‍ය කොමන්ස් හි ඇත.

Listen to this article (28 minutes)

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• Live or Die in Entebbe Trailer
• Operation Thunderbolt යූ ටියුබ් වෙත, video by National Geographic, 4 min.
• Raid on Entebbe යූ ටියුබ් වෙත video and digitised re-enactment, 9 min.
• Operation Thunderbolt – part 1 යූ ටියුබ් වෙත video documentary – detailed, 9 min. part 2 යූ ටියුබ් වෙත 10 min.
• The Greatest Hostage Rescue in History: Documentary on The Entebbe Raid. යූ ටියුබ් වෙත documentary – detailed, 44 min.
• Israel's raid on Entebbe was almost a disaster, Daily Telegraph article by Saul David
• Entebbe: Turning Point of Terrorism සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 4 මාර්තු 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Strategy and Tactics, No. 232, January/February 2006.
• isayeret.com – The Israeli Special Forces Database
• BBC Article and Videos – 4 July 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages (BBC)
• BBC: 30th anniversary of the raid on Entebbe
• BBC Age of Terror – Episode 1: Terror International
• Operation Entebbe protocols 5 November 2010. transcripts of Israeli Cabinet discussions