ශ්රුති ( සංස්කෘත "ඇසූ දෙය", "ශබ්ද " ; śruti ලෙසද ලියා ඇත) යනු ඉන්දියානු සම්භාව්ය සංගීතයේ සුසර කිරීමේ පද්ධතියේ කුඩාම යි.
Shruti types
Canonically there are shrutis in an octave although systems with more or fewer śruti have been proposed.[] Here they are given in terms of , although many authors assume implicitly.
There are infinite ratios, and therefore kinds of shrutis, in Indian music as there is full freedom; yet the classical values described are
- Chatuh shruti : 9/8
- Tri shruti : 10/9
- Dwi shruti : 16/15
- Single or Mono shruti (pramana shruti): 81/80.
Furthermore, there are Antar-shruti which give distances between two (notes):
- 2:1 is taken as distance from S to S' (or r to r', R to R', g to g', etc.), and was placed on "4th śruti"
- 3:2 is taken as distance from S to P (i.e. fro 1st to 5th tone), and was placed on "17th śruti"
- 4:3 is taken as distance from S to m, and was placed on "13th śruti"
- 5:4 is taken as distance from S to G, and was placed on "9th śruti"
- 6:5 is taken as distance from S to g, and was called teevra in old ages as moving Ga towards Re makes Re shuddha.
Shrutis in Hindustani Music
The table lists the 22 shrutis canonically defined in , defined as intervals from the Shadja. Shadja is assumed to be equivalent to the A♯. Their width is given as or in . A comparison with intervals in Western music (5-limit tuning) is also provided.
Shruti | Equivalent interval in | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Name | (Hz) | Name | in (Hz) | |||
Kshobhini | 1 | 0 | Unison | ෂඩ්ජය | 466.1638 | A♯ | 466.1638 |
Tivra | 256/243 | 90 | කෝමල රිෂභය | 491.1026 | B | 493.8833 | |
Kumdavati | 16/15 | 112 | Minor second | 497.2414 | |||
Manda | 10/9 | 182 | Major second | 517.9598 | C | 523.2512 | |
Chandovati | 9/8 | 204 | ශුද්ධ රිෂභය | 524.4343 | |||
Dayavanti | 32/27 | 294 | Minor third | කෝමල ගාන්ධාරය | 552.4904 | C♯ | 554.3653 |
Ranjani | 6/5 | 316 | 559.3966 | ||||
Raktika | 5/4 | 386 | Major third | ශුද්ධ ගාන්ධාරය | 582.7048 | D | 587.3296 |
Rudri | 81/64 | 408 | 589.9886 | ||||
Krodhi | 4/3 | 498 | Perfect fourth | ශුද්ධ මධ්යමය | 621.5517 | D♯ | 622.2540 |
Vajrika | 27/20 | 520 | 629.3211 | ||||
Prasarini | 45/32 | 590 | Augmented fourth | තීව්ර මධ්යමය | 655.5428 | E | 659.2552 |
Priti | 729/512 | 612 | 663.7371 | ||||
Marjani | 3/2 | 702 | Perfect fifth | පංචමය | 699.2457 | F | 698.4565 |
Kshiti | 128/81 | 792 | කෝමල ධෛවතය | 736.6539 | F♯ | 739.9889 | |
Rakta | 8/5 | 814 | Minor sixth | 745.8621 | |||
Sandipini | 5/3 | 884 | Major sixth | 776.9397 | G | 783.9909 | |
Alapini | 27/16 | 906 | ශුද්ධ ධෛවතය | 786.6514 | |||
Madni | 16/9 | 996 | Minor seventh | කෝමල නිෂාදය | 828.7356 | G♯ | 830.6095 |
Rohini | 9/5 | 1018 | 839.0948 | ||||
Ramya | 15/8 | 1088 | Major seventh | 874.0571 | A | 880.0001 | |
Ugra | 243/128 | 1110 | ශුද්ධ නිෂාදය | 884.9828 | |||
Kshobhini | 2 | 1200 | Octave | ෂඩ්ජය | 932.3276 | A♯ | 932.3276 |
This table does not reflect contemporary Indian point of view on Srutis in Hindustani music.
Further reading
- Lentz, Donald A. Tones and Intervals of Hindu Classical Music. , 1961.
- Deva, B Chaitanya The Music of India: A Scientific Study.
- Rao, Suvarnalata Acoustical Perspective on Raga Rasa Theory.
References
- Datta, A. K., Sengupta, R., Dey, N. and Nag, D. Experimental Analysis of Shrutis from Performances in Hindustani Music. Kolkata: Scientific Research Department ITC Sangeet Research Academy, 2006.
External links
- http://www.22shrutiharmonium.com 2019-07-15 at the Wayback Machine A 22-shruti harmonium by Dr. Vidyadhar Oke
- www.soundofindia.com Article on shrutis by Jeyanthe Ratnakumar
- Sound samples of Indian shrutis and their names
- A software implementation of 22 Srutis with 12 Indian Classical Instruments
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