උසාවිය

උසාවිය (court) යනු නීතියට අනුගතව to and dispense , , or සිදුකරීමට සහිත රජයේ [[ආයතනය]යි. In common law and , courts are the central means for , and it is generally understood that all persons have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly, those accused of a crime have the right to present their defense before a court.

A trial at the in ලන්ඩනය as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermann's Microcosm of London (1808-11).

Court facilities range from a simple farmhouse for a village court in a rural community to huge buildings housing dozens of courtrooms in large cities.

A court is a kind of deliberative assembly with special powers, called its , or jus dicere, to decide certain kinds of questions or petitions put to it. According to 's , a court is constituted by a minimum of three parties, namely, the actor, reus, and judex, though, often, courts consist of additional , , , and perhaps a .

The term "court" is often used to refer to the president of the court, also known as the "judge" or the "", or the panel of such officials. For example, in the United States, and other common law jurisdictions, the term "court" (in the case of U.S. federal courts) by law is used to describe the judge himself or herself.

In the United States, the legal authority of a court to take action is based on three pillars of power over the parties to the litigation: (1) Personal jurisdiction; (2) Subject matter jurisdiction; and (3) Venue.

Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction, meaning "to speak the law," is the power of a court over a person or a claim. In the United States, a court must have both and . Each state establishes a court system for the territory under its control. This system allocates work to courts or authorized individuals by granting both and (in the United States, this is termed ). The grant of power to each category of court or individual may stem from a provision of a written or from an enabling . In , jurisdiction may be , deriving from the common law origin of the particular court.

Trial and appellate courts

Courts may be classified as courts (sometimes termed "courts of first instance") and . Some trial courts may function with a and a : juries make under the direction of the judge who reaches (called a ) and, in combination, this represents the of the court. In other trial courts, decisions of both fact and law are made by judges (called a ). Juries are less common in court systems outside the Anglo-American common law tradition.

Civil law courts and common law courts

The two major models for courts are the civil law courts and the common law courts. Civil law courts are based upon the judicial system in France, while the common law courts are based on the judicial system in Britain. In most jurisdictions, courts function under an . In the common law system, most courts follow the . governs the rules by which courts operate: for private disputes (for example); and for violation of the .

Tribunal

tribunal , යන්න නිදහස් ශබ්දකෝෂය වන වික්ෂනරිය දී සොයා බලන්න.

මූලික ලිපිය:

.

See also

General

Types and organization of courts

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Notes

1. Walker, David (1980), Oxford Companion to Law, Oxford University Press, p. 301,
   ISBN 
   , http://books.google.com/books?id=4GgYAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 
2. in every court there must be at least three constituent parts, the actor, reus, and judex: the actor, or plainfiff, who complains of an injury done; the reus, or defendant, who is called upon to make satisfaction for it; and the judex or judicial power, which is to examine the truth of the fact, to determine the law arising upon that fact, and, if any injury appears to have been done, to ascertain and by it's officers to apply the remedy. It is also usual in the superior courts to have attorneys, and advocates or counsel, as assistants. SeeBlackstone's Commentaries, Book III., Ch. 3., p. 25, Yale Law School, Avalon Project
3. See generally  § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States shall consist of a Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices [ . . . ]" (italics added); : "Each court of appeals shall consist of the circuit judges of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); (in part): "Each district court shall consist of the district judge or judges for the district in regular active service." (italics added);  § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the bankruptcy judges in regular active service shall constitute a unit of the district court to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).

බාහිර සබැඳි

• US federal courts
• Courtprep 2012-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, Information about the Canadian justice process, features an interactive courtroom and witness tips.