Azərbaycanca
Беларускі
Dansk
Deutsch
Española
Français
Indonesia
Italiana
日本語
Қазақ
Lietuvos
Nederlands
Português
Русский
සිංහල
แบบไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中國人
United State
Afrikaans
Adenomus kandianus (Kandyan dwarf toad) is a species of in the family to Sri Lanka. It is a high-altitude species known only from few localities. The kandianus means "from Kandy" and seems to suggest that the type material came from near the city of Kandy.
| Adenomus kandianus | |
|---|---|
| විද්‍යාත්මක වර්ගීකරණය | |
| Unrecognized taxon (fix): | |
| විශේෂය: | A. kandianus |
| Adenomus kandianus (, 1872) | |
| Bufo kandianus Günther, 1872 | |
Rediscovery
As there had been no record of the species since 1872, it was listed as extinct by the IUCN in 2004. However, in June 2012 it was announced that almost three years earlier, in October 2009, the species was rediscovered in the in Sri Lanka. In light of the discovery, the species was reclassified in 2012 as in the . Another extant population was reported in 2014 from Forest Reserve.
Description
Adult males measure 30–35 mm (1.2–1.4 in) and adult females 40–45 mm (1.6–1.8 in) in snout–vent length. The are relatively long, which is the single morphological trait that separates Adenomus kandianus from with shorter parotoid glands. The is submerged and poorly visible. The toes are partially to fully webbed; the partially webbed morphs were as a separate species, Adenomus dasi, but because the morphs show negligible genetic differences,A. dasi is not longer recognized as distinct. The fingers have no webbing.
The is yellowish brown; the head is more reddish compared to the body. A tiny gold-coloured vertebral stripe is present. The parotoid glands are chocolate or dark brown. The lips have black and gold dots. The venter is gold. An hourglass-shaped pattern of tubercles on the dorsum may be present.
The has relatively long body (39% of total length). The body is flattened and wide anteriorly, accommodating a ventral sucker disc that covers more than half of the body. The eyes are bulbous. 36 specimen measures 27 mm (1.1 in) in total length.
Habitat
Adenomus kandianus is known from montane and tropical moist forests in and near hill streams at elevations of 1,100–1,879 m (3,609–6,165 ft) . The tadpoles develop in the streams.
References
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Adenomus kandianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54458A175766594.
- Jeremy Hance (June 18, 2012). "Extinct toad rediscovered after hiding for 133 years in Sri Lanka". Mongabay.com. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 January 2014.
- Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Adenomus kandianus (Günther, 1872)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 September 2018.
- "Adenomus kandianus". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 21 September 2018.
- Meegaskumbura, Madhava; Senevirathne, Gayani; Wijayathilaka, Nayana; Jayawardena, Beneeta; Bandara, Champika; Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum & Pethiyagoda, Rohan (2015). "The Sri Lankan torrent toads (Bufonidae: Adenominae: Adenomus): species boundaries assessed using multiple criteria". Zootaxa. 3911 (2): 245–261. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3911.2.6. PMID 25661609.
- Wickramasinghe, L. J. Mendis; Dulan Ranga Vidanapathirana & Nethu Wickramasinghe (2012). "Back from the dead: The world's rarest toad Adenomus kandianus rediscovered in Sri Lanka" (PDF). . 3347: 63–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3498.1.4.
- Gabadage, D. E.; de Silva, A.; Botejue, W. M. S.; Bahir, M. M.; Surasinghe, T. D.; Madawala, M. B.; Amarasinghe, A. A. T. & Karunarathna, D. M. S. S. (2014). "On the discovery of second living population of Adenomus kandianus (Günther, 1872) from Sri Lanka: with the bioecology, and detailed redescription to the species". Herpetotropicos. 10 (1–2): 37–49.
- Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi & Anslem de Silva (2004). "Adenomus dasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54457A11134953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54457A11134953.en.
Further reading
- . Amphibian Survival Alliance. 1 February 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 January 2014.
- Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; (1998). (PDF). Journal of South Asian Natural History. 3: 213–248. 2014-02-01 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 January 2014.
- Dutta, S. K. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (1996). (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: WHT. 1 February 2014 දින මුල් පිටපත (PDF) වෙතින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 18 January 2014.
විකිපීඩියාව, විකි, සිංහල, පොත, පොත්, පුස්තකාලය, ලිපිය, කියවන්න, බාගන්න, නොමිලේ, නොමිලේ බාගන්න, mp3, වීඩියෝ, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, පින්තූරය, සංගීතය, ගීතය, චිත්‍රපටය, පොත, ක්‍රීඩාව, ක්‍රීඩා., ජංගම දුරකථන, android, ios, apple, ජංගම දුරකථන, samsung, iphone, xiomi, xiaomi, redmi, honor, oppo, nokia, sonya, mi, පීසී, වෙබ්, පරිගණකය
Adenomus kandianus Kandyan dwarf toad is a species of in the family to Sri Lanka It is a high altitude species known only from few localities The kandianus means from Kandy and seems to suggest that the type material came from near the city of Kandy Adenomus kandianusස රක ෂණ තත ත වයඅන තර යට ලක ව IUCN 3 1 ව ද ය ත මක වර ග කරණයUnrecognized taxon fix ව ශ ෂය A kandianusAdenomus kandianus 1872 Bufo kandianus Gunther 1872 Adenomus dasi Manamendra Arachchi and Pethiyagoda 1998RediscoveryAs there had been no record of the species since 1872 it was listed as extinct by the IUCN in 2004 However in June 2012 it was announced that almost three years earlier in October 2009 the species was rediscovered in the in Sri Lanka In light of the discovery the species was reclassified in 2012 as in the Another extant population was reported in 2014 from Forest Reserve DescriptionAdult males measure 30 35 mm 1 2 1 4 in and adult females 40 45 mm 1 6 1 8 in in snout vent length The are relatively long which is the single morphological trait that separates Adenomus kandianus from with shorter parotoid glands The is submerged and poorly visible The toes are partially to fully webbed the partially webbed morphs were as a separate species Adenomus dasi but because the morphs show negligible genetic differences A dasi is not longer recognized as distinct The fingers have no webbing The is yellowish brown the head is more reddish compared to the body A tiny gold coloured vertebral stripe is present The parotoid glands are chocolate or dark brown The lips have black and gold dots The venter is gold An hourglass shaped pattern of tubercles on the dorsum may be present The has relatively long body 39 of total length The body is flattened and wide anteriorly accommodating a ventral sucker disc that covers more than half of the body The eyes are bulbous 36 specimen measures 27 mm 1 1 in in total length HabitatAdenomus kandianus is known from montane and tropical moist forests in and near hill streams at elevations of 1 100 1 879 m 3 609 6 165 ft The tadpoles develop in the streams ReferencesIUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2020 Adenomus kandianus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T54458A175766594 Jeremy Hance June 18 2012 Extinct toad rediscovered after hiding for 133 years in Sri Lanka Mongabay com සම ප රව ශය 18 January 2014 Frost Darrel R 2018 Adenomus kandianus Gunther 1872 Amphibian Species of the World an Online Reference Version 6 0 American Museum of Natural History සම ප රව ශය 21 September 2018 Adenomus kandianus AmphibiaWeb University of California Berkeley 2018 සම ප රව ශය 21 September 2018 Meegaskumbura Madhava Senevirathne Gayani Wijayathilaka Nayana Jayawardena Beneeta Bandara Champika Manamendra Arachchi Kelum amp Pethiyagoda Rohan 2015 The Sri Lankan torrent toads Bufonidae Adenominae Adenomus species boundaries assessed using multiple criteria Zootaxa 3911 2 245 261 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3911 2 6 PMID 25661609 Wickramasinghe L J Mendis Dulan Ranga Vidanapathirana amp Nethu Wickramasinghe 2012 Back from the dead The world s rarest toad Adenomus kandianus rediscovered in Sri Lanka PDF 3347 63 68 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3498 1 4 Gabadage D E de Silva A Botejue W M S Bahir M M Surasinghe T D Madawala M B Amarasinghe A A T amp Karunarathna D M S S 2014 On the discovery of second living population of Adenomus kandianus Gunther 1872 from Sri Lanka with the bioecology and detailed redescription to the species Herpetotropicos 10 1 2 37 49 Kelum Manamendra Arachchi amp Anslem de Silva 2004 Adenomus dasi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 e T54457A11134953 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T54457A11134953 en Further reading Amphibian Survival Alliance 1 February 2014 ද න ම ල ප ටපත ව ත න ස රක ෂණය කරන ලද සම ප රව ශය 18 January 2014 Kelum Manamendra Arachchi 1998 PDF Journal of South Asian Natural History 3 213 248 2014 02 01 ද න ම ල ප ටපත PDF ව ත න ස රක ෂණය කරන ලද සම ප රව ශය 18 January 2014 Dutta S K amp Manamendra Arachchi K 1996 PDF Colombo Sri Lanka WHT 1 February 2014 ද න ම ල ප ටපත PDF ව ත න ස රක ෂණය කරන ලද සම ප රව ශය 18 January 2014